Unit 2 Human Geography
Terms
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- Population concentration
- areas where large groups of people gather or cluster, as along coastal areas.
- Overpopulation
- too much population
- Cyclic movement
- pattern of movement from beginning around to original start location
- migration fields
- the area from which a given city or place draws the majority of its imigrants.
- temporary refugee
- Status given to a refugee prior to receiving permanent residency in a new country
- Ecumene
- The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement.
- baby boom
- the larger than expected generation in United States born shortly after World War II
- Migration
- the movement of persons from one country or locality to another
- Dependency ration
- measure of the economic impact of the young and old on the more economically productive members of the population
- forced migration
- Permanent movement compelled usually by cultural factors.
- Gravity model
- a mathematical prediction of the interaction between two bodies as a function of their size and of the distance separating them
- IMR
- the total number of deaths in a year among infants under one year old for every 1,000 live births in a society
- immigration laws
- laws and regulations of a state designed specifically to control immigration into the state
- international refugee
- Refugees who have crossed one or more international boundaries duting their dislocation, searching for asylum in a different country.
- nutritional density
- A measure of how much nutrition can be produced from land. An area with furtile soil and adequate temperatures and precipitation for plants to grow will have a higher nutritional density than that without.
- mobility
- the quality of moving freely
- Population structure
- Distribution of species in different age groups and different areas.
- Step migration
- a migration in which an eventual long distance relocation is undertaken in stages as, for example, from farm to village to small town to city
- CDR
- the total number of deaths in a year for 1,000 people alive in a society
- Life Expectancy
- an expected time to live as calculated on the basis of statistical probabilities
- intraregional migration
- Permanent movement within one region of a country.
- international migration
- Permanent movement from one country to another.
- transnational migrants
- Migrants who set up homes and/or work in more than one nation-state.
- eco-migration
- people that migrate for the economy
- permanent refugee
- Refugee who does not return to their country of origin and is given permanent residence status in the new country
- Wilbur Zelinsky
- made numerous important geographical studies of American popular culture, ranging from the diffusion of classical place-names to spatial patterns of personal given names and to the spatial patterning of religious denominations.
- internal migration
- Permanent movement within a particular country.
- Industrial Revolution
- the transformation from an agricultural to an industrial nation
- Activity space
- The area where activities take place.
- Exponential growth
- occurs when the individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate
- Counterurbanization
- Net migration from urban to rural areas in more developed countries.
- Doubling time
- the amount of time it would take for its population to double in size, assuming that its current growth rate does not change; forumula = 70/annual growth rate (r)
- TFR
- the avg number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years
- Periodic movement
- motion that recurs over and over and the period of time required for each recurrence remains the same
- voluntary migration
- Permanent movement undertaken by choice.
- personal space
- a concept closely related to territoriality, proposed by anthropologist Edward Hall.
- refugees
- People who leave their homeland to find safety elsewhere.
- Circulation
- the spread or transmission of something (as news or money) to a wider group or area
- Transhumance
- The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures.
- Demographic transition
- the process by which a country moves from relatively high birth and death rates to relatively low birth and death rates
- Medical revolution
- Medical technolgy diffused to the poorer countries of Latin Amerca, Asia and Africa
- overpopulation
- too much population
- Crude/arithmetic density
- The number of people per land unit
- Sex ratio
- The number of males per 100 females in the population.
- Population pyramid
- graph that depicts population distribution by age and sex
- Emigration
- movement of individuals out of a population
- restrictive population policies
- government policies designed to reduce the rate of natural increase
- Agricultural Revolution
- change in a way of life that occured
- population explosion
- the rapid growth of teh world's human population during the past century
- expansive population policies
- government policies that encourage large families and raise the rate of population growth
- Chain migration
- pattern of migration that develops when migrants move along and through kinship links
- Undocumented immigrants
- People who enter a country without proper documents.
- intervening obstacle
- thing stopping or discouraging people from immigrating to a country such as immigration requirements, the distances involved, and the costs of immigration
- Agricultural density
- The ratio if the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture.
- suburbanization
- The process of population movement from within towns and cities to the rural-urban fringe.
- farmstead
- the buildings and adjacent grounds of a farm
- census
- a period count of the population
- Brain drain
- The loss of the best and brightest people to other countries
- Pull factor
- why people wanted to come to america
- channelized migration
- when one family member migrates to a new country and the rest of the family follows shortly after
- Counter migration
- the return of migrants to the regions from which they earlier emigrated
- Net Migration
- The difference between the level of immigration and the level of emigration.
- euguic population policies
- Government polices designed to favor a racial sect over another
- Commuting
- The daily movement to or from a place of work or study.
- Distance decay
- the declining intensity of any activity, process, or function with increasing distance from its point of origin
- one child policy
- created in 1980 to prevent over-population
- CBR
- the total number of live births in a year for 1,000 people alive in a society
- cairo plan
- recommendations for stabilizing world population agreed upon at the U.N. International Conference on Population and Development, held in Cairo in September 1994. The plan calls for improved health care and family planning services for women, children and families throughout the world, and also emphasizes the importance of education for girls as a factor in the shift to smaller families.
- interregional migration
- migration from one region to another
- Seasonal movement
- workers who follow the harvest
- Arable
- (of farmland) capable of being farmed productively
- Immigration
- the body of immigrants arriving during a specified interval
- carrying capacity
- largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support
- Thomas Malthus
- an English economist who argued that increases in population would outgrow increases in the means of subsistence (1766-1834)
- quotas
- set number for how many people could come from a particular country or reigion
- NIR
- the percentage growth of a population in a year computed as cbr - cdr
- vital records
- information about births, deaths, marriages, divorces, and the incidence of certain infectious diseases.
- Distribution
- the act of distributing or spreading or apportioning
- ZPG
- a decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero
- intranational refugee
- fleeing from one region from another
- Demography
- scientific study of human populations
- Stationary population level
- the level at which a national population ceases to grow
- Push factor
- why people wanted to leave thier home lands
- Physiological density
- The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture.
- Ravenstein's laws of migration
- 1. Most migration is over a short distance. 2. Migration occurs in steps. 3. Long-range migrants usually move to urban areas. 4. Each migration produces a movement in the opposite direction (although not necessarily of the same volume). 5. Rural dwellers are more migratory than urban dwellers. 6. Within their own country females are more migratory than males, but males are more migratory over long distances. 7. Most migrants are adults. 8. Large towns grow more by migration than by natural increase. 9. Migration increases with economic development. 2. Migration is mostly due to economic causes.
- negative population growth
- the actual decline in population due to less than replacement births or extensive diseases