Pierson Final Exam
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- Did Darwin come up with the concept of Evolution?
- No
- Tenents behind Natural Selection
- 1. There is variation in the species. 2. Some of that variation is genetic. 3. There is not enough resources for organisms to reproduce to their full capability. (got it from Malthus) 4. Those with best characteristics tend to reproduce more. 5. ????
- What was the first thing Darwin do?
- He developed a mechanism that has not been falsified.
- What are 5 mechanisms that cause evolution?
- 1. Selection 2. Mutation 3.Gene Flow 4. Nonrandom mating 5. Meiotic Drive
- Is evolution a change in characteristic
- NO!!! Bb Bb Bb Bb Bb BB BB Bb BB bb SEE!
- What is selection?
- Occurs when some individuals (or alleles) in a population produce more than others.
- What is gene flow?
- The movement of alleles from one population to another.
- Who proved mathematically that nonrandom mating was true?
- Hardy Weinberg
- What is the evolutionary force behind small population size?
- genetic drift
- Two ways a big population can become small due to genetic drift
- 1) Founder Effect 2) Population bottleneck
- What does it mean to be fixed?
- It means there is only one allele at a locus.
- What is the definition of population?
- A group of organisms living in a particular area who have a higher probablity of mating with each other and producing fertile offspring than they do with members of other such groups.
- What is evolution?
- It is the change in genetic structure of a population from one generation to the next.
- What are conditions of Hardy Weinberg?
- No selection No mutation No gene flow Random Mating No genetic drift No meiotic drive
- What does it mean when you get a nonzero heritability?
- There must be genetic variation. Refer to the formula H = Gv /(Gv + Ev)
- What does enzyme reverse transcriptase do?
- It allows to make one type of molecule to make another. Ex: DNA from RNA
- Where was reverse transcriptase discovered?
- It was discovered in retroviruses.
- What two ways of cloning?
- 1) vector 2) PCR
- What is plasmid?
- It is a small double stranded circular DNA.
- What is an episome?
- A plasmid that can insert. An example is an F plasmid.
- What two ways do we label DNA?
- 1) Radioactivity 2) Fluorescent dye
- What question does Southern Blotting answer?
- Is there a particular set of DNA in this group?
- What three ways we can move genes to another?
- 1) Transformation 2) Conjugation 3) Transduction
- Lytic or lysogenic create generalized transduction?
- Lytic
- What is R factor?
- It is a plasmid with an antibiotic resistance gene on int.
- Why are transposable elements sometimes called jumping genes and how was this misleading?
- They never completely detach from the cell's DNA.
- What does transposase do?
- An enzyme that catalyzes movement of insertion sequence from one site to another within a genome.
- What is the most common transposable elements in Eukaryotes?
- retrotransposons
- What is the C-value paradox?
- It is the lack of correlation between genome size and biological complexity.
- Is an insertion sequence a transposon?
- No it is not because transposons are more complex than insertion sequences.
- What is definition of transposon?
- They are insertion sequences that include extra genes such as antibiotic resistance.
- What was Barbara Mcclintock's organism and years?
- Indian corn (maize) 1940s and 1950s
- How long are Alu elements?
- They are about 300 nucleotides long.
- What group you add to do silencing?
- methyl
- When dicer is done working describe how it looks like?
- It is double stranded
- What is the function of the Dicer?
- It is an enzyme recognizes and digests longer dsRNA or stem loop structures formed by miRNA precursors.
- What are three ways small RNAs inhibit expression of homologous target genes?
- 1) trigger destruction of the mRNA encoded by the target gene 2) inhibit translation of mRNA 3) induce chromatin modifications of the target gene and thereby silence transcription
- What is the term transcriptome?
- The sequence of and expression patterns of all transcripts (where, when, how much)
- What is a proteome?
- The sequence and expression patterns of all the proteins.
- What is an interactome?
- The complete set of physical interactions between proteins and DNA segments, between proteins and RNA segments, and between proteins.
- What is a gene chip?
- A gene chip is a glass slide with a whole bunch of sequences on it.