Philosophy 3-Critical Thinking
Terms
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- Affirming the consequent
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An invalid, unsound, form of deductive argument:
If A, then B; B; so, A" - Argument
- A claim defended with reasons. A set of statement one of which (conclusion) is claimed or intended to be supported by the others (premise)
- Argument based on math
- When the argument's conlcusions is claimed to depend mostly or entirley on some mathmatical calculation or measurment it is treated as deductive. Few exceptions
- Argument by elimination
- A deductive argument that seeks to logically rule out various possibilities until only a single possibility remains.
- Argument from analogy
- An inductive argument in which the conclusion is claimed to depend on an analogy between two things.
- Argument from definition
- A deductive argument where the conclusion is presented as being true by definition
- Categorical Syllogism
- 3-line argument where all statements are categorical statements. Unless there is clear evidence that that the statment is intended to inductive, always treated as deductive.
- Casual argument
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An inductive argument that asserts or denies that something causes or has caused or will cause something else.
Ex: She didn't answer the phone, she must not be home. - Chain argument
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Deductive argument:
"If A, then B; if B, then C, so if A, then C" - Cogent Argument
- Inductive argument that is strong and has all true premises.
- Common pattern test
- A test in which characteristic patters of deductive or inductive reasoning are used to determine whether an argument is deductive or inductive.
- Deductive Argument
- Argument in which the conclusion is claimed or intended to follow necessarily form the premises.
- Denying the antecedent
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An invalid unsound form of deductive argument:
"If A, then B; not A; so not B" - General Statment
- A statement form of "all a's are b's; Most a's are b's.
- Generalization
- Statement that asserts that all or most things of a certain kind have a certain property or characterisitc. Or using stats "A certain % of all A's are B's."
- Hypothetical Syllogism
- A deductive common pattern where a 3-line argument in which at least one of the premises is an "if-then" statement and/or one is a hypothetical.
- Indicator word test
- A test using indicator words to determine if an argument is deductive or inductive.
- Inductive argument
- An argument where the conclusion is claimed or intended to follow probably or likely from the premise.
- Inductive generalization
- An argument in which a generalization is claimed to be PROBABLY true based on info about some members of a group.
- Invalid argument
- A deductive argument in which the conlcusion does not follow necessarily from the premise. Or a deductive argument in which it is possible for the premises to be true and the conclusion false.
- Modus ponens
- A valid, sound, deductive argument form "If A then B; A; therefore, B"
- Modus tollen
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A valid sound argument form of deductive reasoning:
"If A then B; not B; therefore not A"
Sometimes called "Denying the consequent" - Paticular Statement
- A statement that refers to a particular person, place or thing.
- Predictive argument
- an inductive argument in which a prediction is defended w/ reasons.
- Principle of charity
- principle of interpretation that requires unlcear passages or arguments be interpreted in the way most favorable to the speaker or writer.
- Principle of charity test
- If it is unlcear whether the argument is Inductive or deductive, the argument should be interpreted in whatever way is most favorable to the arguer.
- Sound argument
- a deductive argument that is valid and has all true premises.
- Statistical argument
- An inductive argument that argues the premises are true based on some statistical figures.
- Strict necessity test
- A test to determie whether an argument is inductive or deductive; if the conclusion follows from the premise with strict logical necesseity, then it should be regarded as deductive.
- Strong inductive argument
- An inductive argument in which the conclusion follows probably from the premises.
- Syllogism
- a 3-line argument that consist of two premises and a conclusion. Or more narrowly, a 3-line deductive argument.
- Uncogent argument
- An inductive argument that is weak or has at least one false premise or both
- Unsound argument
- A deudctive argument that is invalid or has at least one false premise, or both.
- Valid argument
- A deductive argument in which the conclusion follows necessarily from the premises. A deductive argument in which it is impossible for the premise to be true and the conclusion false.
- Weak argument
- An inductive argument in which the conclusion does not follow probably from the premises.
- Argument from Authority
- Inductive argument that asserts a claim and then supports it by citing a presumed athority who has said that the claim is true.