EPPP Developmental

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Describe Piaget's sensorimotor stage: Birth to 2

Learning thru senses and motor interaction

Achievements:
object permanence
deferred imitation
Describe Piaget's Preoperational stage: 2 to 7 yrs

Major increase in symbolic thought
Strides in language
Substitute pretend play (block as truck)
Sociodramatic play (playing house)

Limitations:
egocentrism
magical thinking
animism
unable to understand conservation
Describe Piaget's Concrete Operational stage: 7 to 12 yrs

Reversibility
Decentration
Conservation
Transitivity (sorting)
Hierarchical classification
Describe Piaget's Formal Operational stage *: 12 on

Abstract reasoning
hypothetical/deductive
propositional

idealistic
imaginary audience - always 'on stage'
personal fable - unique and indestructible
Identify Piaget's developmental stages, including their range of applicability: Sensorimotor - birth to 2
Preoperational - 2 to 7
Concrete Operational - 7 to 12
Formal Operational - 12 on
Describe the systems in Bronfenbrenner's ecological model: Microsystem - child's immediate setting including:
family, caregivers, classmates, teachers

Mesosystem - interconnections among elements of the microsystem

Exosystem - indirect influences on the child, eg
parents' jobs, friends
the community

Macrosystem - cultural context
Describe fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS): Largely irreversible:
growth retardation
mental retardation - leading cause in US
irritability
hyperactivity
When would a child develop an 'internalized conscience' aka superego: As a result of the successful resolution of the Oedipal / phallic stage (3-6 yrs)
How do the Ainsworth categories translate into adulthood? *: Secure children
secure or autonomous adults

Anxious-avoidant children
dismissing adults; devalue attachment relationships; vaguely claim good childhoods

Anxious ambivalent children
preoccupied adults

Disorganized children
disorganized or unresolved adults
Compare Freudian to Eriksonian stages: Birth to 1
F: oral
E: trust vs mistrust

1-3
F: anal
E: autonomy vs shame / doubt

3-6
F: phallic/Oedipal
E: initiative vs guilt

6-puberty
F: latency
E: industry vs inferiority

post-puberty
F: genital
E:
adolesence: identity vs confusion
young adult: intimacy vs isolation
middle adult: generativity vs stagnation
old age: ego integrity vs despair
Compare Freud and Piaget's stages: P: birth - 2; sensorimotor
F: oral; beginning of anal at 1

P: 2-7; preoperational
F: end of anal at 3
3-6 phallic; 6 beginning of latency

P: 7-12; concrete operational
F: latency (to puberty)

P: 12 on; formal operational
F: post-puberty; genital
Describe stages of language development *: 1-2 mo cooing
4-6 mo babbling
10-16 mo first words
12-18 mo holographic - 1 word sentences
18-24 mo telegraphic speech - 2 word sentences
30-36 mo rapid vocabulary growth
3-6 yrs development of complex grammar

at the end of yr 1, discovery that certain sounds can get their parents' attention and help
Def: centration: Tendency to focus on one detail of a situation to the neglect of other important features

from Piaget
Describe Ainsworth's attachment styles *: Secure
child: exploratory
mother: emotionally sensitive and responsive
on return: seek physical contact

Anxious / avoidant
child: uninterested in environment
mother: either impatient and nonresponsive or overly responsive
on leaving: show little distress
on return: avoid contact

Anxious / resistant
child: anxious in the presence of their mother
mother: inconsistent
on return: more upset; ambivalent; resist contact

Disorganized
child: dazed, confused, apprehensive
mother: abusive
on return: mixed avoidance, resistance and proximity seeking
Trajectory of step-father relationship re boys and girls: Relationship with boys improves
With girls not
Def: fluid intelligence: Active processing of information

culture free

affected by loss of neurons and depletion of neurotransmitters
Def: crystalized intelligence: Knowledge acquired through education and experience

Relatively unaffected by brain function
Describe the relationship between fluid and crystalized intelligence: Crystalized develops through use of fluid intelligence

They are highly correlated
What does the Digit Span subtest of the WISC measure?: Auditory memory

(it is a verbal subtest)
What parenting style is associated with delinquency?: Lax supervision
Non-enforcement of rules
Non-involvement
According to Gilligan, what fosters healthy identity development in early adolescence for girls?: Staying connected to the self and others
Risk factors for poor academic performance following a divorce: Older
Male
Prerequisites for cognitve development (Piaget): Biological maturation
Environmental stimulation
Def: Client-centered case consultation: Working with therapists to develop a plan to be more effective with their clients
Def: Consultee-centered case consultation: Working with therapists on their own problems, eg lack of skill, counter-transference
Predictors of child psychopathology: Maternal psychopathology
Low SEC
Severe marital discord
Large family size
Parental criminality
Placement of children outside the home
Def: equilibration (Piaget): State of cognitive balance

Need for equilibration motivates assimilation and accomodation
Describe fetal alcohol effects (in contrast to FAS): Symptoms less severe but are also largely irreversible
Self reported sex problems in elderly women: Decreased lubrication
Thinning of the vaginal walls
Inadequate stimulation

But not orgasmic dysfunction
Def: scaffolding (Vgotsky): Children receiving support from parents, teachers and more experienced others
Def: inductive reasoning: Reasoning from a particular fact the general rule
Def: deductive reasoning: Reasoning from the general law to a particular case
Def: maturation: Genetically determined patterns of development - eg learning to walk
Def: canalization: Characteristics resistent to environmental forces

Sensorimotor development is highly canalized; intelligence and personality less so.
Def: secular trends: Timing differences in physical development among cohorts

Eg onset of menstruation
Transmission of HIV from mother to infant: Risk reduced by AZT to mother in last 2 trimesters and to infant in first 6 weeks

Transmission rate in US is 25%

Also contagious thru breast milk
When are separation and stranger anxiety at their strongest?: Around 18 mo
According to Thomas and Chess healthy development results from...?: Fit between the child's temperament and parents' behavior
When do stranger and separation anxiety begin?: Separation anxiety begins around 6 months

Stranger anxiety begins between 8 and 10 months
Age at which social inhibition can first be detected: 2-4 mo

eg infants responding negatively to novel stimuli
Characteristics of pre-adolescent sibling relationships: Conflict and closeness
Aspects of memory most affected by normal aging: encoding strategies
secondary memory (recent longterm)
working memory
episodic memory

unaffected: implicit memory
Effect of maternal employment on children's academic achievement: Generally good, unless the mother stays at home but wishes she were working, in which case it has a detrimental effect
Manifestations of depression in childhood: In very young children, psychomotor agitation looks like tantrums and irritability

In older children and adolescents, it looks like aggression
Desc: referential style of language acquisition: Rapid vocabulary growth with clear spurts of acquisition early on

Emphasis on content words and object names
Desc: expressive style of language acquisition: Early words are linked to social relationships and mostly pronouns and socially oriented words

Less clear than a referential style

Likely to be boys or later born children
Effects of spanking and other forms of physical punishment: Facilitates aggressive behavior in both boys and girls
Kohlberg's 6 stages of moral development *: Pre-conventional
1 Obedience and punishment
2 Individualism,
instrumentalism and exchange

Conventional - middle childhood
3 "Good boy/girl"
4 Law and Order

Post-conventional
5 Social Contract
6 Principled Conscience
Characteristics of aggressive youth: More likely to believe that aggressive behavior has positive outcomes

Have a smaller social behavior repertoire

Likely to interpret peer behavior as hostile

Likely to focus on most recent (as opposed to first) event in a social interaction
Techniques for assessing infant perceptual ability: Heart rate at any age
Sucking between 1 and 4 mo
Reaching after 12 wks
Head turning after 5.5 mo

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Number of cards 50