History 12...Unit 5
Terms
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- Helinski Accords
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August 1975
A "breakthrough" in peaceful negotiations in Europe as most European countries agreed to recognize international borders. The 2 Germany's & 2 Berlin's were formally recognized. Represented the highlight of the detente era. - Cruise Missile
- Pilotless plane like device with sophisticated guidance mechanisms with nuclear bombs attached.
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Strategic Defense Initiative
(SDI) - Vision of US self defense intended to prevent nuclear attacks from USSR. Sophisticated series of radar & deployment of massive retalitory weapons. More a threat, than a system.
- Solidarity
- Liberation movement in Poland where Lach Walesa organized massive trade union protests against oppressive Polish government.
- Lech Walesa
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1980
Becomes leader of Poland, organized mass protests & strikes in Poland, led to downfall of communist regime. Becomes President in 1990...took 10 yrs for Polish ppl to realize communism did not work for them. - General Jaruzelski
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1981
Polish leader, traditional communist hardliner. Makes some improvement to Poland, did not have enough widespread support. - Tadeusz Mazowiecki
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1980's
PM of Poland 1980-1990. Belong to Solidarity movement. - Janos Kadar
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1985
Leader in Hungary...Communist supporter, introduced democracy. By 1988, lost control of his party - Joszef Natal
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1990
1st real democratic leader of Hungary. - Erich Honecker
- Leader of East Germany during main communist years. Did not want to give up concessions to his ppl, even after witnessing democratic movements in Poland & Hungary.
- Eron Krenz
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1989
Replaced Honecker as a more moderate communist leader of East Germany. By 1990, 2 Germany's reunified, he lost power. - Helmut Kohl
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1989
1st democratic leader of "Germany". Leader of his "Christian democrats" that rule Germany for rest of century. - Vaclac Havel
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1989
1st democratic leader of Czechoslovakia. Helped organize protests, nation wide strikes. - Alexander Dubcek
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1968
"socialism with a human face". Was secretary of Czechoslovakia. Helped his country become democratic. Reponsible for freedom of the press, assembly, worship, right to strike, & right to travel abroad. - Velvet Revolution
- to describe successful result of Czechoslovakia becoming democratic. Series of communist protests were violently stopped in Prague.
- Nicolae Ceausesu
- Violent dictator of Romania since 1965. Communist leader, ruled ruthlessly. Considered brutal, killed thousands.
- Tidor Zhivkov
- Communist leader of Bulgaria during Soviet domination period. June 1990, Bulgaria has its first free elections, communists lose power.
- Slobdodan Milosevic
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1988
Serbian who was PM of Yugoslavia. Responsible for ethnic cleansing of Yugoslavia. Regarded as self serving ruthless leader who wanted Serbs to be dominant. - Franjo Tudjman
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1991
1st democratic leader of Croatia. - Ethnic Cleansing
- Used by Milosevic. Describe killing of ppl so one ethnic group remains dominant. Refers to Serbs trying to get rid of Muslims in Yugoslavia.
- Leonid Breshniv
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1964-1982
Last of the hardliners of the communist regime in USSR - Apparatachiks
- Main supporters and defenders of Stalinist style of communism.
- Mikhail Gorbachev
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1985-1991
Last Communist leader of USSR. Softer approach to communism. Introduced glasnost and perestroika in USSR. - Boris Yeltsin
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1991
1st non-communist leader of USSR. Base support from Russia did not have widespread support in any other part of USSR. - Glasnost
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1986
Gorbachev's approach of leadership that meant openness and encouraged honest debate and criticism. Freedom of expression and freeom of speech were encouraged in USSR. - Perestroika
- Gorbachev's approach to restructing economy of USSR.
- Reform Congress
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1989
Transition phase between the hardliner communist and breakup of USSR in 1991. Reluctant merger of 3 main groups in USSR, did not get much accomplished. - Union Treaty
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1991
Agreement between the USSR republics and Central government in Moscow. Moscow would give more power & decentralize their power so the other republics could be more independant.