EVS Exam 2

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hydrolysis: mineral/rock reacts w/water will dissolve or partly dissolve (MgSiO4+water-->Mg+solution+SiO4(solid))
aridisols soil profile: O is absent; A is sand and clay (few organics); B is sand and clay and lots of evaporites; no distinct layers
condition of rangeland: US - 64% of rangeland in fair to poor condition; world - 20% loss to desertification - overgrazing
metamorphic rocks: heat and pressure
ice/frost wedging: water freezes, expands, pops rocks apart
pasture land: planted and mananged grassland
sedimentary rocks: weathering, erosion, transport, deposit, lithification
carrying capacity: limit of environment's ability to support a population
waterlogging: salty groundwater produced, more irrigation, speed up process of degradation
life expectancy in zambia: 35
water erosion: severe in midwestern grain belt
population change depends on: births, deaths, migration
1 in 6 LDCs: experience malnutrition or undernutrition
World growth rate: 1963-2.2%; 2002-1.28% (42% drop) (more ppl in 2002 so skewed) (1.28% - 79 million people/year)
mollisols: temperate, semi-arid grassland, hot summer, cold winter, thick A horizon with organics, great farmland
world death rate: 9
measles, polio, and mumps: have been conquered
soil types: - Over 17,000 described from U.S. - 7th Approximation of Soil Classification
production constant: since 1985
general soil profile: - O-Horizon = organics (surface)- A = combo of sand and organics (leached of minerals) (rain carries organics into it) light color - B = sand and clay (mud) no organics precipitation of leached minerals, dark color - C = sand and pieces of bedrock - - Boundary = where topsoil is formed- O and A horizons are topsoil - Thickness varies from <5ft. To >100ft.
2004 by Van Der Bergh and Rieveld: carrying capacity-7.7bil
factors for population change used today: family planning, empowering women, economic rewards and penalties
risk management decisions are based on: intuition, habit, and experience
feedlots: 40% of all meat production comes from them
metamorphic rocks: piedmont-red dirt
sustainable soil use: the wise use of soil resources, without a reduction in the amount or fertility of soil, so that it is productive for future generations
population density increases: density-dependent factors tend to slow population growth by causing an increase in death rate and/or a decrease in birth rate
silt: 1/16mm-1/256mm
contour farming: plow perpendicular to hillslope to trap sediment (slows runoff)
chemical weathering: chemical change-breakdown into solid and liquid components (partially dissolve)
problems with feedlots: air and water pollution, food needed, disease spread
gravel: >2mm
AIDS has reduced life expectancy by more than 20 yrs in: Botswana, Lesotho, Swaziland, Zimbabwe
1900 3 leading causes of death: pneumonia/influenza, tuberculosis, gastritis/colitis (diarrhea)
body mass index: determines whether a person is overweight or obese (X weight by 740/height in in. squared)
crystal growth: water evaporates crystals form crack rock
industrialized/high input ag.: use machine, fossil fuels, fertilizer, pesticides, water
soil erosion and degradation: by water, wind, humans, gravity; increased by farming and deforestation
today avg. amer. life exp.: 80 for women; 75 for men
world examples: 98% of population growth in LDC, china - 1.3 billion, india - 1.0 billion, US - 300 million of 6 billion total, 2050 - 7 to 10 billion total - 9.3 billion most likely, population projections for 2050, TFR projections, carrying capacity and population crash, resource use: ecological footprint: MDC - 20acres/person LDC - 2 acres/person US - 30.2 acres/person; 4.7 acres available - 5.7 estimated use POPULATION CRASH
economic development and population: pre-industrial - transitional - industrial - post industrial: birth and death rates high - births high, death rate drops - birth and death rates both drop - birth and death rates equal or births
earth has ~28.2bil acres if world went to US eco ftprnt: it would take 5 earths CRASH BOOM
1950 TFR: MDC-2.5 LDC-6.5
traditional intensive ag.: more use of machines, fertilizer, and water; produce enough for family and some to sell
fertility rate: MDC- LDC-: 2.1; 2.5
use of organic fertilizers: manure, green fertilizer (plant debris), compost, spores of fungi
risk: is calculated as the probability that some negative effect or event will occur
overfishing: too good at harvest, ~200 commercial species, 75% overfished, by 2050 fishing will collapse
malnutrition, unsafe water, poor sanitation, and air pollution: prevail in many LDCs
genral soil types: spodosols: northern conifer forests, cold, good precipitation and drainage, acid soil, Al and Fe in B horizon, not good farmland
acidification: rock or mineral reacts w/acid (rain) carbonic,nitric,sulfuric,etc.;will dissolve or partly dissolve faster than water
plantation ag. in MDC and LDC: bananas, coffee, sugar cane
now 3 leading causes of death are: cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Pre-reproductive: 30% of world population; 33% of LDC; 18% of MDC (population growth momentum in LDCs)
biological magnification (biological amplification): the increased concentration of toxic chemicals, such as PCBs, heavy metals, and certain pesticides, in the tissues of organisms that are at higher levels in food webs
20 million have died: from AIDS since 1981
cancer potency: an estimate of the expected increase in cancer associated with a unit increase in exposure to a chemical
ecological footprint: area of earth needed to support one individual in population - land for crops, forest products, fossil fuels, minerals, etc.
india's eco ftprint: 2.6 acres/person
chemical weathering: most important in humid areas: hydrolysis, acidification, oxidation, biochemical weathering
unloading: remove weight causes rocks to expand-crack
problems of food production: type, distribution, cost, undernutrition, malnutrition, micronutrients, overnutrition
mass immunization programs: eliminated small pox, and reduced risk of polio, yellow fever, measles, and diptheria
80% of all cattle,sheep, and goats: raised on rangeland
2nd green revolution: fast growing dwarf forms of rice and wheat
1950-1990: grain production tripled
18% of 57 million deaths that occur worldwide each year: are children less than 5 yrs old
~60% of ocean harvests are: commercial/industrial fishing fleets
increased feedlots are: expensive, pollution
southern Iowa, northern Missouri, western and southern Texas, and eastern Tennessee: serious erosion!
organisms at higher level on food webs: have greater concentrations of bioaccumulated pesticide stored in their bodies
sedimentary rocks: coastal plain
falcons, pelicans, bald eagles, ospreys, and other birds: are sensitive to DDT
risk assessment: involves using statistical methods to quantify the risks of a particular action so that they can be compared and contrasted with other risks
equal amounts is: loam
root wedging: plant grows, pushes rock apart
world birth rate: 21
oxisols soil profile: O is very thin, quick breakdown and layering; A is some organics, sand, acid soil, leached; B is thick, highly leached, nutrient poor
food systems: cropland (76% of world food); rangeland (17% mainly meat and dairy); oceans (7%)
>30%: above "normal weight"
soil erosion is greatest in: parts of Asia, Africa, and Central and South America
agroforestry: alternate crops with forests
infant mortality in zambia: 95deaths/1000kids under 1 yr
effect of DDT on birds: is they lay eggs with extremely thin, fragile shells that usually break during incubation
risks: the probability that a particular adverse effect will result from some exposure or condition
ecological risk assessments: involves hazard identification, dose-reponse assessment, exposure assessment, and risk characterization
fertility rate: replacement level fertility - # of kids to replace parents
soil erosion: the wearing away or removal of soil from the land
increased production: genetic engineering, cross breeding, 3rd green revolution, increased irrigation, increased cultivation, new foods
precautionary principle: the idea that no action should be taken or product introduced when the science is inconclusive but unknown risks may exist
~2500 known minerals and: ~100 are common
cost-benefit analysis: estimated cost of some regulation to reduce risk is compared with potential benefits associated with that risk reduction
watershed: the area of land a river drains
aquaculture: 33% of commercial harvest; problems with pollution, land needed, need to move
family planning: provide education/clinical services, birth spacing, birth control, health service (results: TFR drop 55% in LDC, drop in abortions, drop in death rate for mothers)
types of agriculture: idustrialized/high input ag.: usually monoculture (25% of cropland in MDC)
TB: is the most serious reemerging disease along with yellow fever, malaria, and dengue fever
genetic engineering: engineer new forms of food in lab: provide variety, speed-develop new strains fast, cheap, long term effect
waterlogging: wash salt to groundwater
edible plants: 30,000 species
igneous rocks: cooling and crystallization
risk analysis: a tool used to organize how we think about complex environmental systems
population change: birth rate - death rate/1000 people x 100
oxidation: oxygen combines w/rock or mineral (ex. Fe+O2-->Fe2O3-rust)
porosity: pore space
25% of US ag. lands are: losing topsoil faster than natural soil-forming processes regenerate it
indonesia: 280 million
rangeland management: control number of animals, rotate areas, active restoration, increased feedlots
in US aquaculture takes up: oyster-90%, salmon-75%, shrimp-50%, freshwater fish-65% (catfish)
crude birth rate: # of live births/1000 people/year
harmful effects of erosion and degradation: loss of fertility and ability to hold water, pollution by sediment, 55% of all cropland suffers some amount of erosion, more fertlizer needed, earth movement (landslides) more likely
spodosols soil profile: O is acidic; A is thin and acid sand; E is leached acid sand; B is thick (Al and Fe rich) washed in clay
38 million ppl currently have: AIDS
alfisols: temperate deciduous forest, good precipitation, hot summer, cold winter, nearly neutral, OK farmland, must be fertilized
trawler fishing: drag large net on bottom >1mi wide
india and china have: 13% of world's total land area from which they must feed 2.4 billion people (> 37% of the world's population)
1957-2001: price dropped 66%
birth and fertility rate depends on: importance of children in workforce, urbanization, cost of raising/educating children, education/employment for women, infant mortality rate, average age of childbirth, availability of retirement income, culture/religion
traditional intensive ag.: produce food to sell
irrigating more land: expensive, hard to get to areas,
malnutrition: enough calories of wrong type (low protein/high carbs) (causes: retardation, stunted growth, disease)
emerging diseases: are infectious diseases that were not previously found in humans
risk analysis also: allows us to think about the tradeoffs between different activities
area size of Brazil: has turned to desert since 1997
many preventable causes of death: are becoming more dominant in LDCs
cropland increased production by: increased use of machines, fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation, high yield crops
rate of weathering depends on: climate - temp. and precip.; rock type - texture, fractures, composition
population exceeds cc: CRASH >90% loss
hazard: a condition that has the potential to cause harm
another 30% is overweight: (btwn 10-30% above normal)
bioaccumulation (bioconcentrate): the buildup of a persistent toxic substance, such as certain pesticides, in an organism's body, often in fatty tissues
irrigation: salt buildup from evaporation; 50% of all cropland shows some salinization
problems with aquaculture: water pollution, land use, short lifespan (<10yrs)
salinization: stunts growth, reduced yields, will kill plants
38% of world cropland: eroding faster than replaced
meat production: most from 8 species worldwide (pigs, cows, turkeys, chickens, sheep, goats, horses, dogs)
life expectancy: increased to 65 years in developing countries; but 19 of very poorest developing countries is 45 or less (except for Afghanistan all in Africa)
minerals: naturally occurring, inorganic, solid, regular atomic arrangement, definite chemical composition, aprox = 2500 known
natural decomposers have not: evolved ways to degrade many synthetic pesticides
wind: sandblasting
degradation: desertification-10% drop in production
improved sanitation reduced diseases such as: typhoid, cholera, and diarrhea
TFR declines to 1.5 or 2.5: 7.9 or 10.9bil
long lines: hook and bait (up to 80mi) turtles, dolphins, whales
iron: meat, dark green veggies
now obesity is: 2nd highest cause of preventable death
population growth momentum: 81% of pre-reproductive population in LDCs
estimated carrying capacity: 4-16bil
main factors involved in emergence or reemergence of diseases: evolution (animal to human), antibiotic resistance, urbanization, growing population of elderly, pollution, env. degradation, changing weather, growth in international trade and commerce, poverty and social inequality
signficant part of premature deaths due to: poor diet, lack of exercise, and smoking
density-independent factors: an environmental factor that affects the size of a population but is not influenced by changes in population density (abiotic)
purse-seine net: inverted umbrella-used to catch tuna
not equal amounts of clay, sand, silt: sandy loam silty clayey loam
oxisols: tropical/subtropical, wet,warm climate, very thick, acidic, Al and Fe rich, mined for metals
graze: ~3.5 billion animals
soil structure: sorting-how particles fit together
harvest techniques: trawlers - 90% bycatch; purse-seine nets; long lines; driftnets (75% of commercial species overfished)
India and China, soil experts estimate that erosion: causes annual loss of as much as 6.6 billion metric tons and 5.5 billion metric tons
the greater the population density: the better their ability to resist the environmental stress of a density-independent event (the snowstorm)
density-dependent and density-independent: are interrelated
DDT was banned in the US: in 1972
cultivate more land: not much new potential land available, location, expensive, soils
risk assessment is also an: important input to cost-benefit analysis
2002: 17% (792 mil)
population projections: US 300mil now, 400mil 2050; India 1.1bil now, 1.6bil 2050; Nigeria 116mil now, 300mil 2050; africa 800mil now, 2bil 2050; europe 700mil now, 638mil 2050, world 6.5bil now, 7.9 to 10.9bil 2050 (9.3bil)
1970 __ (826 mil) of world population malnutrition or undernutrition: 35%
immigration and emigration: usually only about 1% change in population
life expectancy in japan: m-78; w-85
production level since 1985: but enough to feed population
environmental effects of ag: soil erosion, desertification, waterlogging, drought, loss of wild species
soils are: marginally renewable resource, 200 to 1000 years to form an inch
other emerging diseases include: lyme disease, west nile, creutzfeld-jakob disease, severe acute respiratory syndrome, ebola, mokeypox
mollisols soil profile: O is very thin; A is thick, sand and clay (lots of organics), B is sand and clay (evaporite minerals: salt, gypsum, limestone)
pre-reproductive (now): will cause growth in future
thinking about risks from a systems perspective allows us to decide whether we should: change our activities to avoid particular risks altogether, limit the extent to which a particular hazard can come in contact with us, limit the extenet to which the hazard can hurt us, or provide some sort of offset or compensation for being harmed by the hazard
soil conservation: minimum tillage, no tillage, terracing, contour farming, strip cropping, agroforestry, organic fertilizers
weathering mechanical (physical): most important in arid areas: ice and frost wedging, unloading, crystal growth, root wedging, wind
sand: 2mm-1/16mm
get people to eat new foods: winged beans-new guinea: grow fast and easy to produce; microlivestock-protein: ~1500 insect species edible, ant larvae (tacos), water bugs (dip in Thailand), toasted butterflies (bali), caterpillars
pesticide that is not metabolized is: simpy stored in fatty tissues
oceans: most harvest from commercial/industrial fishing fleets
mechanical weathering: breakdown of rocks and minerals into smaller pieces with little or no chemical change
1970-present 2nd green revolution: fast growing plants and increase yield; rice and wheat (yield increase btwn 2x to 5x); increase production in LDC
1950-1970 green revolution: development of industrial ag.
food production: in US 2.4% of population produce food; in LDC - 45 to 65%; increase production by farming more land or higher yield
original rock type: texture or grain size (small grains-more weathering); fractures in rock(more surface area);composition of minerals in rock (resistance to weathering -ex. Quartz SiO2 is hard to get rid of)
soil profile: O, A, E, B, C horizons - characteristics of each, O and A make topsoil, topsoil contains nutrients, water, roots, decomposers
ice is mineral: water is not
another 17%: suffering some loss due to erosion
risk management: the process of identifying, assessing, and reducing risks
economic rewards/penalties: countries will pay for contraception/sterilization (china - 1 child: raise taxes if more than 1, charge extra fees, no tax deduction, loose health care, loose food allotments, loose job options
55% of all cropland: is eroding
meat: provides 15% of calories and 30% of protein worldwide (most raised on rangeland but switching to feedlots)
alfisols soil profile: O is nearly neutral; A is sand and organics; E is leached zone (sand); B is sand and clay -little Al and Fe from above
climate: physical and chemical work together to break down rocks and minerals. more water-more chemical weathering; temperature: higher temperatures cause more weathering because there are faster reactions (thickest soils on Earth located in tropical rainforest)
soil erosion results in an annual loss of: as much as 75 billion metric tons of topsoil around the world
____ plants provide most food: 15; over 50% from rice, wheat, corn
carrying capacity based on: standard of living, resource consumption, technology
iodine: salt, seafood
porosity: Holds water, organics, gas
green revolution: high yield, monoculture, multiple cropping
plantation ag.: monoculture in tropics
persistence: a characteristic of certain chemicals that are extremely stable and may take years to be broken down into simpler forms by natural processes
driftnets: gillnets, 50ft to 300ft below surface, up to 34mi long, much by catch
igneous rocks: mountains
reduced tilling: keep ground cover, minimum tillage (cut thin rows), no tillage-slit ground-inject seed
crude death rate: # of deaths/1000 people/year
effects of lacking micronutrients: blindness, infections, fatigue, death
soil erosion on all US croplands declined about: 38% between 1982 and 1977
cross breeding: traditional: slow to develop-15+ years, must be related species, useful for 5-10yrs before pests adapt
rocks: combinations of minerals classified by mode of formation
terracing: control runoff/erosion, conserve water, on hillslope
soil profile: - Most soils are found in series of layers
total fertility rate: average number of children that a woman will have; MDC - 1.6; LDC - 3.1
soils are: mixture of rocks, minerals, organics, water, air, critters
vitamin A: beta carotene, carrots
rangeland: 40% of all land is rangeland-- not suitable for crops, may be rangeland or pasture
malnutrition, lower respiratory tract infections, diarrheal diseases, malaria: are leading cause of death in children in LDCs
much production is moving to feedlots/production farms: chickens, pigs, turkeys
silt and clay: mud
traditional subsistence ag.: 44% of world population produces 20% of food
overnutrition: in MDCs is very common
aridisols: hot, dry, desert soil, evaporite minerals in B, not distinct layers, can be rangeland or cropland without irrigation
predation, disease, and competition: are examples of density-dependent factors
rangeland: land that is too dry, too sloped, too infertile to be cropland; 40% of all ice free land in world; not all rangeland is used (42% used - not used too remote)
causes of desertification: climate, overgrazing, deforestation, bad farming, 40% of all land shows some desertification
density-dependent factor: an environmental factor whose effects on a population change as population density changes
aquaculture: mariculture, last 25 yrs new industry, currently ~33% of all commercial fish harvest
factory ships have: satellite tracking, sonar, spotter planes, large nets
soil formed by: weathering of rock and mineral exposed to surface
traditional subsistence ag.: human labor and livestock, produce enough for family, 44% of world population survives this way, produce ~20% of food supply
1900 avg. american life expectancy: 51 for women; 48 for men
undernutrition: consume 100-400 cal/day less than needed to maintain your weight and work (causes: retardation, stunted growth, disease)
important soil characteristics: texture (grain size): gravel, sand, silt, clay
density-independent factor examples include: random weather events
age structure of population: pre-reproductive = 0-14, reproductive = 15-44, post-reproductive = 45+
death rate depends on: increased food supply and distribution, nutrition, medical and public health services, sanitation and personal hygeine, clean water
cost-benefit analysis is also: an important mechanism to help decision makers formulate environmental legislation
reemerging diseases are: infectious diseases that existed in the past but for a variety of reasons are increasing in incidence or in geographic range
in US: 33% obese
green revolution 3?: more genetic engineering, teach high yield techniques, provide help-fertilizer and irrigation systems
toxic substances that exhibit persistence, bioaccumulation, and biological magnification are: pesticides (DDT), radioactive isotopes, heavy metals (lead and mercury), flame retardants (PBDEs -polybrominated diphenyl ethers), industrial chemicals (dioxins and PCBs)
permeability: connections of pores
life expectancy in US: m-75; w-80 (1900- m-48 w-51)
minerals: 92% - silicates; others: oxides, sulfides, carbonates
infant morality in japan: 3deaths/1000kids under 1 yr
empowering women: fewer kids: access to education, paying jobs, have rights
strip cropping: plant alternate crops that trap sediment
1/7 is: obese
TFR in 2002 for world: 2.8 kids/woman
4 steps of a risk assessment for adverse health effects: 1. Hazard identification 2. Dose-response assessment 3. Exposure assessment 4. Risk characterization
~2 billion have: micronutrient deficiency
clay: <1/256mm
UN estimates: 10 million deaths/yr due to undernutrition and malnutrition
death rate characterized by: life expectancy and infant mortality, life expectancies in different countries

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