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Also called the General Allotment Act, it tried to dissolve Indian tribes by redistributing the land. Designed to forestall growing Indian proverty, it resulted in many Indians losing their lands to speculators.: Dawes Severalty Act, 1887
American historian who said that humanity would continue to progress as long as there was new land to move into. The frontier provided a place for homeless and solved social problems.: Frederick Jackson Turner, Frontier Thesis
Proposed by Frederick Jackson Turner to explain America's unique non-European culture, held that people who couldn't succeed in eastern society could move west for cheap land and a new start.: Safety Valve Thesis
Rich deposits of silver found in Nevada in 1859.: Comstock Lode
Referred to the coinage law of 1873 which eliminated silver money from circulation. Name given by people who opposed paper money.: "Crime of 1873"
Use of two metals, gold and silver, for currency as America did with the Bland-Allison Act and the Sherman Silver Purchase Act. Ended in 1900 with the enactment of the Gold Standard Act.: Bimetalism
Proposed a plan for bimettalism with a standard of 16 to 1, with gold worth 16 times as much as silver.: "Coin" Harvey
Movement for using silver in all aspects of currency. Not adopted because all other countries used a gold standard.: Free Silver
Profits dwindled, businesses went bankrupt and slid into debt. Caused loss of business confidence. 20% of the workforce unemployed. Let to the Pullman strike.: Depression of 1893
1893 - Group of unemployed workers led by Jacob Coxey who marched from Ohio to Washington to draw attention to the plight of workers and to ask for government relief. Government arrested the leaders and broke up the march in Washington.: Coxey's army
1893 - Act repealed by President Cleveland to protect gold reserves.: Repeal of Serman's Silver Purchase Act
Movement which focused on cooperation between farmers. They all agreed to sell crops at the same high prices to eliminate competition. Not successful.: Farmer's Alliance
1890 - The leaders of what would later become the Populist Party held a national convention in Ocala, Florida and adopted a platform advocating reforms to help farmers.: Ocala Demands
Offically named the People's Party, but commonly known as the Populist Party, it was founded in 1891 in Cincinnati, Ohio. Wrote a platform for the 1892 election (running for president-James Weaver, vice president-James Field) in which they called for free: Populist Party platform, Omaha platform
A leader of the Populist Party in the South.: Tom Watson
He was the Populist candidate for president in the election of 1892; received only 8.2% of the vote. He was from the West.: James B. Weaver
A senator from South Carolina, he compared Cleveland's betrayal of the Democratic party to Judas' betrayal of Jesus.: "Pitchfork" Ben Tillman
A speaker for the Populist Party and the Farmer's Alliance. One of the founders of the Populist Party.: Mary Ellen Lease
A rural reformer who ran against Mary Lease in the Populist Part election in Kansas.: "Sockless" Jerry Simpson
A leader of the Populist Party in Minnesota.: Ignatius Donnely
Three-time candidate for president for the Democratic Party, nominated because of support from the Populist Party. He never won, but was the most important Populist in American history. He later served as Woodrow Wilson's Secretary of State (1913-1915).: Williams Jenning Bryan
Given by Bryan on June 18, 1896. He said people must not be "crucified on a cross of gold", referring to the Republican proposal to eliminate silver coinage and adopt a strict gold standard.: "Cross of Gold" Speech
William McKinley-Republican, North, industry and high tariffs. Williams Bryan-Democrat, West and South, farmers and low tariffs. The main issues were the coinage of silver and protective tariffs.: Election of 1896: candidates and issues
Leader of the Republican Party who fought to get William McKinley the Republican nomination for president.: Marcus Hanna
1900 - This was signed by McKinley. It stated that all paper money would be backed only by gold. This meant that the government had to hold gold in reserve in case people decided they wanted to trade in their money. Eliminated silver coins, but allowed pa: Gold Standard Act
Legal Tender cases, Minor vs. Happensett, Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railroad Company v. Illinois, E. C. Knight Company case, Pollock v. Farmer's Loan & Trust Company, and In Re Debs.: Supreme Court cases
1870, 1871 - A series of cases that challenged whether the paper "greenbacks" issued during the Civil War constituted legal tender, i.e., whether they were valid currency. The Supreme Court declared that greenbacks were not legal tender and their issuance: Supreme Court: Legal Tender cases
1875 - Limited the right to vote to men.: Supreme Court: Minor v. Happensett
1886 - Stated that individual states can control trade in their states, but cannot regulate railroads coming through them. Congress has exclusive jurisdiction over interstate commerce. States cannot regulate or place restrictions on businesses which only: Supreme Court: Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railroad Company v. Illinois
1895 - The Supreme Court ruled that since the Knight Company's monopoly over the production of sugar had no direct effect on commerce, the company couldn't be controlled by the government. It also ruled that mining and manufacturing weren't affected by in: E. C. Knight Company case
1895 - The court ruled the income could not be taxed. In response, Congress passed the 16th Amendment which specifically allows taxation of income (ratified 1913).: Pollock v. Farmer's Loan and Trust Company
1894 - Eugene Debs organised the Pullman strike. A federal court found him guilty of restraint of trade, stopping US mail, and disobeying a government injunction to stop the strike. He later ran for president as a candidate of the Social Democratic Party.: In Re Debs
The 1884 nomination for the Rebublican presidential candidate. Pan-Americanism stated that events in the Americans affected the U.S. and we thus had reason to intervene.: James G. Blaine, Pan-Americanism
Dispute between the U.S. and Britain involving the point at which the Venezuela / Columbia border was drawn. Britain eventually won the dispute.: Venezuelan boundary dispute
A dispute between the U.S. and Russia involving who could hunt seals in the Bering Sea.: Bering sea seal controversy
Term used to describe the sensationalist newspaper writings of the time. They were written on cheap yellow paper. The most famous yellow journalist was William Randolf Hearst. Yellow journalism was considered tainted journalism - omissions and half-truths: "Yellow journalism"
In this book, Strong argued that the American country and people were superior because they were Anglo-Saxon.: Josiah Strong, Our Country
In 1890, he wrote The Influence of Sea Power upon History. He was a proponent of building a large navy. He said that a new, modern navy was necessary to protect the international trade America depended on.: Captain Alfred Thayler Mahan
1878 - The U.S. gained the strategic port Pago Pago in Samoa for use in refueling U.S. warships overseas. It was part of building an international military presence.: Pago Pago, Samoa
1873 - Spain and U.S. government got into a squabble over the Cuban-owned Virginius, which had been running guns. Spain executed several Americans who had been on board. The telegraph was used to negotiate a truce. The incident was played up by the yellow: Virginius
When Cubans started to rebel, Spaniards begain to reorganize prisoners into labor camps.: Reconcentration Policy
Written by the Spanish minister in Washington, Dupuy de Lôme, it was stolen from the mail and delivered to Hearst. He had called McKinley weak and bitter. It was played up by the yellow journalists.: De Lome Letter
February 15, 1898 - An explosion from a mine in the Bay of Havanna crippled the warship Maine. The U.S. blamed Spain for the incident and used it as an excuse to go to war with Spain.: Maine explodes
In charge of the navy when the Maine crisis occurred, he had rebuilt the navy and tried to start a war with Cuba.: Assistant Secretary of Navy Theodore Roosevelt
May 1, 1898 - Commodore Dewey took his ship into Manila Bay, in the Philippine Islands, and attacked the Spanish Pacific fleet there. The U.S. had been planning to take this strategic port in the Pacific. Dewey caught the Spanish at anchor in the bay and: Commodore Dewey, Manila Bay
President Cleveland did not want to forcibly annex Hawaii, so he waited five years to do so. McKinley finally did it. Cleveland felt the annexation overstepped the federal government's power.: Cleveland and Hawaii
Queen of Hawaii who gave the U.S. naval rights to Pearl Harbor in 1887. Deposed by American settlers in 1893.: Queen Liliuokalani
By the late 1800s, U.S. had exclusive use of Pearl Harbor. In July 1898, Congress made Hawaii a U.S. territory, for the use of the islands as naval ports.: Annexation of Hawaii
1898 - Theodore Roosevelt formed the Rough Riders (volunteers) to fight in the Spanish- American War in Cuba. They charged up San Juan Hill during the battle of Santiago. It made Roosevelt popular.: Rough Riders, San Juan Hill
Approved by the Senate on February 6, 1898, it ended the Spanish-American War. The U.S. gained Guam, Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines.: Treaty of Paris
A league containing anti-imperialist groups; it was never strong due to differences on domestic issues. Isolationists.: American Anti-Imperialist League
The U.S. acquired these territories from Spain through the Treaty of Paris (1898), which ended the Spanish-American War.: Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico, Cuba
Discovered that the mosquito transmitted yellow fever and developed a cure. Yellow fever was the leading cause of death of American troops in the Spanish-American War.: Walter Reed
Determined that inhabitants of U.S. territories had some, but not all, of the rights of U.S. citizens.: Insular cases
April 1896 - U.S. declared Cuba free from Spain, but the Teller Amendment disclaimed any American intention to annex Cuba.: Teller Amendment
A rider to the Army Appropriations Bill of 1901, it specified the conditions under which the U.S. could intervene in Cuba's internal affairs, and provided that Cuba could not make a treaty with another nation that might impair its independence. Its provis: Platt Amendment
A weak country under the control and protection of a stronger country. Puerto Rico, Cuba, etc. were protectorates of the U.S.: Protectorate
Emilio Aguinaldo (1869-1964) led a Filipino insurrection against the Spanish in 1896 and assisted the U.S. invasion. He served as leader of the provisional government but was removed by the U.S. because he wanted to make the Philippines independent before: Aguinaldo, Philippine Insurrection
September, 1899 - Hay sent imperialist nations a note asking them to offer assurance that they would respect the principle of equal trade opportunities, specifically in the China market.: Secretary of State John Hay, Open Door notes
Region in which political and economic control is exerted by on European nation to the exclusion of all others. Spheres of influence appeared primarily in the East, and also in Africa.: Spheres of influence
1900 - a secret Chinese society called the Boxers because their symbol was a fist revolted against foreigners in their midst and laid siege to foreign legislations in Beijing.: Boxer Rebellion
In the 1920's, China wated an end to the exemption of foreigners accused of crimes from China's legal jurisdiction.: Extraterritoriality
Part of RTA Act in 1834, allowed a nation to make a special agreement with another nation and give them a preferential low tariff rate.: Most Favored Nation Clause
Republican, William McKinley defeated Democrate, Williams Bryan. The issue was imperialism.: Election of 1900: candidates, issues
Roosevelt said, "walk softly and carry a big stick." In international affairs, ask first but bring along a big army to help convince them. Threaten to use force, act as international policemen. It was his foreign policy in Latin America.: Roosevelt's Big Stick Diplomacy
Warship involved in Spanish-American blockade in Cuba in 1898. Went from Cuba to the Philippines by going around the Southern tip of South America. Showed that we need a better route between the Atlantic and the Pacific.: U.S.S. Oregon
1850 - Treaty between U.S. and Great Britain agreeing that neither country would try to obtain exclusive rights to a canal across the Isthmus of Panama. Abrogated by the U.S. in 1881.: Clayton-Bulwer Treaty
1901 - Great Britain recognized U.S. Sphere of Influence over the Panama canal zone provided the canal itself remained neutral. U.S. given full control over construction and management of the canal.: Hay-Pauncefote Treaty
Kept the purchase price of the canal strip in Panama the same but enlarged the area from 6 to 10 miles.: Hay-Herran Treaty
1903 - U.S. guaranteed the independence of the newly-created Republic of Panama.: Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty
The Isthmus of Panama had been part of Columbia. U.S. tried to negotiate with Columbia to build the Panama Canal. Columbia refused, so U.S. encouraged Panama to revolt. Example of Big Stick diplomacy.: Panama Revolution
Buit to make passage between Atlantic and Pacific oceans easier and faster.: Panama Canal
1906 - Army colonels who supervised the construction of the Panama Canal.: Goethals and Gorgas
1902 - England, Germany and Italy had blockaded Venezuelan ports because Latin American countries failed to make payments on debts owed to foreign banks. U.S. invoked the Monroe Doctrine and pressured the European powers to back off.: Venezuelan Crisis
Argentine jurist, Luis Drago, proposed that European countries could not use force to collect debts owed by countries in the Americas. They could not blockade South American ports. Adopted as part of the Hague Convention in 1907.: Drago Doctrine
U.S. would act as international policemen. An addition to the Monroe Doctrine.: Roosevelt Corollary
1906 - Relations between U.S. and Canada including a reciprocal trade agreement. Tight relations made the U.S. and Canada a "Colossus.": "Colossus of the North"
In 1905, the U.S. imposed financial restrictions upon this Caribbean nation. Part of making sure Latin America traded with the U.S. and not Europe.: Dominican Republic
Japan had attacked the Russian Pacific fleet over Russia's refusal to withdraw its troops from Mancharia after the Boxer Rebellion (1904-1905) War fought mainly in Korea. Japan victorious, the U.S. mediated the end of the war. Negotiating the treaty in th: Russo-Japanese War, Treaty of Portsmouth
1906 - Racist schools segregated Chinese, Korean and Japanese students because of anti-oriental sentiment in California.: San Francisco School Board Incident
Secretary of War under Roosevelt, he reorganized and monderized the U.S. Army. Later served as ambassador for the U.S. and won the 1912 Nobel Peace Prize.: Elihu Root
In 1907 Theodore Roosevelt arranged with Japan that Japan would voluntarily restrict the emmigration of its nationals to the U.S.: Gentlemen's Agreement
1907-1909 - Roosevelt sent the Navy on a world tour to show the world the U.S. naval power. Also to pressure Japan into the "Gentlemen's Agreement.": Great White Fleet
1908 - Japan / U.S. agreement in which both nations agreed to respect each other's territories in the Pacific and to uphold the Open Door policy in China.: Root-Takahira Agreement
Lessened the tension in the feuds between the U.S. and Japan by recognizing Japan's sphere of influence in China in exchange for Japan's continued recognition of the Open Door policy in China.: Lansing-Ishii Agreement, 1917
Three characteristics that the U.S. felt made them superior to other countries. Many U.S. cities in the 1900 to 1920 instituted modern "scientific" political systems, such as the use of professional city managers, to replace inefficient traditional machin: Democracy, efficiency, pragmatism
Journalists who searched for and publicized real or alleged acts of corruption of public officials, businessmen, etc. Name coined by Teddy Roosevelt in 1906.: "Muckrakers"
American writer, he won fame for revealing illegal business practices in the U.S. in the late 1800's. Said many corporations put their interest above the good of the workers. Muckraker novel.: Henry Demarest Lloyd (1847-1903), Wealth Against Commonwealth
An economist, he believed that society was always evolving, but not that the wealthiest members of society were the "fittest." Attacked the behavior of the wealthy. Muckraker novel.: Thorstien Velben, The Theory of the Leisure Class
Early 1900's writer who exposed social and political evils in the U.S. Muckraker novel.: Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives
A muckraker novel concerning the poor living conditions in the cities.: Lincoln Steffens (1866-1936), The Shame of the Cities
A leader of the naturalism movement in literature, he believed that a novel should serve a moral purpose. Wrote The Octopus in 1901 about how railroads controlled the lives of a group of California farmers. A muckraker novel.: Frank Norris (1870-1902), The Octopus
This 1904 book exposed the monpolistic practices of the Standard Oil Company. Strengthened the movement for outlawing monopolies. A muckraker novel.: Ida Tarbell (1857-1944), History of the Standard Oil Company
Journalist and novelist, he wrote of the unfair treatment of children used as child labor. Stressed better education, better schools and teachers. A muckraker novel.: John Spargo, The Bitter Cry of the Children
A muckraker novel, it publicized corruption in the Senate after doing research on government leaders.: David Graham Phillips, The Treason of the Senate
She urged women to work outside the home to gain economic independence. Attacked the traditional role of homemaker for women.: Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1860-1935), Women and Economics
American philosopher and educator, he led the philosophical movement called Pragmatism. Influenced by evolution, he believed that only reason and knowledge could be used to solve problems. Wanted educational reforms.: John Dewey (1859-1952): the school and society, "progressive education", "learning by doing"
A famous justice of the Supreme Court during the early 1900s. Called the "Great Dissenter" because he spoke out against the inposition of national regulations and standards, and supported the states' rights to experiment with social legislation.: Oliver Wendel Holmes, Jr.

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Created By anna8872