Module 5/Pharmacology and Disease/Section 1/Intro. to Pharmacology Part I-III
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- Pharmacology
- the study of drugs and their interactions with living organisms.
- rose hips
- vitamin C
- willow bark
- aspirin
- Vinca (periwinkle plant)
- vincristine
- beef or pork pancreas
- insulin
- saffron flower
- Colchicine
- Ephedra plant
- Primatene, Bronkaid
- sheeps wool
- Lanolin
- 1806
- morphine isolated from crude opium
- 1899
- Aspirin was introduced
- 1912
- Phenobarbital introduced for epilepsy
- 1922
- Insulin isolated
- foxglove plant (digitalis lanata)
- digoxin
- Belladonna
- atropine, scopolamine
- Opium poppy
- morphine
- mold
- penicillin
- 1941
- Penicillin was introduced
- 1957
- Librium introduced for neurosis
- 1967
- Inderal introduced for hypertension
- 1977
- Tagamet introduced for peptic ulcers (first H2 blocker)
- Chemical Name
- Every drug has a chemical name that describes its molecular structure and distinguishes it from other drugs.
- Generic Name
- The pharmaceutical company along with the United States Adopted Names Council then determines a second name for the drug, its generic name.
- Brand Name
- When the FDA gives final approval, then the manufacturer alone selects a third name known as a trade or brand name, which is a registered trademark. Only the original manufacturer has the right to advertise and market the drug under the trade/brand name.
- Drug Design (3)
-
1)Chemical name (molecular structure)
2)Generic Name (2nd name for the drug)
3)Brand Name (Manufacturer alone selects a 3rd name known as a trade/brand name--original manufacturer has right to advertise/market drug under brand/trade name) - What is the difference when a brand drug vs a generic drug is dictated by a physician?
- Brand name drugs are CAPITALIZED whereas all generic drugs are not.
- Name the generic component of Valium
- diazepam
- Enteric
- A tablet that is covered with a special coating that dissolves in the intestines in order to avoid stomach upset.
- Liquid
- Medication comes in the form of either solution or suspensions.
- Oral
- the oral (by mouth) route is the most convenient route of administration. The oral route is routinely abbreviated as "p.o."
- Inhalation
- the route involves the inhaling of a drug in a gas or liquid form, usually designed for the lungs. Asthmatic conditions required inhalers such as a bronchial inhaler.
- Subcutaneous
- involves administration of a drug injected into the subcutaneous tissues (the fatty layer just under the dermis of the skin, but above the muscle layer).
- Intravenous
-
(I.V.) This administration of a drug involves injection of liquid directly into a vein and may be done in one of 3 ways:
1)I.V. Push
2)I.V. Drip
3)I.V. Piggyback - Intrathecal
-
this route of administration involves the injection of a liquid within the sheath or meninges of the spinal cord.
Example: comes from the Greek word "Theka" meaning sheath.
Example: A spinal tap - IVPB
- Intravenous piggy back
- Drug weight measurements are expressed in terms of ____ and ______.
-
milligrams and kilograms
**More appropriately kilograms are used to describe a person's weight--abbreviated as kg - Name 3 types of drugs that are measured in units (UI).
-
1)penicillin
2)vitamins
3)all types of insulin - ad lib
- as needed
- q.o.d.
- every other day
- stat
- immediately
- mg
- milligram
- Name the generic component of Ativan.
- lorazepam
- Elixirs
- a liquid--solutions that contain an alcohol and water base with sugar and flavoring.
- Sublingual
- medication is placed under the tongue and allowed to dissolve slowly.
- Parentral
- Parenteral is a general term taken from the two Greek words "para" and "entero", which literally means "apart from the intestine". Technically parenteral means all routes of administration other than by mouth.
- I.V. Push
- Fluid is manually pushed into the I.V. in a very short period of time or fluid is pushed into an existing I.V. bottle and administered continuously over several hours.
- OTC
- over-the-counter
- apothecary
- from the Greek word and refers to a person who combines and distributes drugs.
- The SI system is based on the ____ for weight measurements, the ____ for length measurements, and the ___ for volume measurements.
-
kilogram--for weight
meter--for length
liter--for volume - The metric system also includes liquid measurements expressed as ___ and ____.
-
liter and milliliter.
**Abbreviated as L and mL - kilogram
- kg
- milliliter
- mL
- p.r.n.
- as needed
- n.p.o.
- nothing by mouth
- q.h.
- every hour
- Dosage schedules are transcribed with ___.
- periods
- mcg
- microgram
- gtt.
- drops (Latin word-guttae, often doctors will dictate as guttae)
- Capsule
-
Comes in 2 varieties:
1)gelatin or soft capsule that contains liquid and is fat soluble.
2)powdered or granular form manufactured in 2 pieces that fit together. - Suspension
- a liquid--contains fine, undissolved particles suspended in liquid.
- Vaginal/Rectal
- medication is absorbed via these routes. this route is reserved for certain clinical situations such as when the patient is vomiting and medication cannot be given orally
- Intradermal
- involves administration of a drug by injection into the dermis, the second layer of skin just below the epidermis
- Intramuscular
- involves administration of a drug injected into the belly (area of greatest mass) of a large muscle.
- Endotracheal
- this route of administration is used during emergency resuscitation measures or to deliver pulmonary drugs to intubated patients via an endotracheal tube.
- SL
- Sublingual
- SUBQ
- subcutaneous
- 1 kilogram
- 1000 g
- The centimeter is equivalent to ____ of a ____.
- 1/100th of a meter.
- milligram
- mg
- liter
- L
- Other drug measurements include (6)
-
1)unit
2)inch
3)drop
4)milliequivalent
5)percentage
6)ratio - Milliequivalents
- (mEq) an equivalent is a molecular weight. It is expressed in grams.
- h.s.
- at bedtime
- p.o.
- by mouth
- b.i.d.
- twice a day
- mEq
- milliequivalent
- gr
- grains
- Name the generic component of Serax.
- oxazepam
- Cream
- a topical medication which is effused with water and oil.
- Suppository
- a solid base of glycerin or cocoa butter containing the drug, which is admininistered either rectally or vaginally.
- Topical
- a drug is applied directly to the skin, mucous membranes of the eyes,ears,nose, or throat.
- I.V. Drip
- a drug is mixed in a very small I.V. bottle and administered in drip form over several hours.
- I.V.
- intravenous (use periods to differentiate from IV which is Roman Numeral 4)
- IM
- intramuscular
- 1 gram (g)
- 1000 milligrams
- Pediatric doses are expressed as __/__/__.
-
mg/kg/day
*this indicates the amount of medicine per body weight per day.
Example: Pedialyte 15 mg/20 kg/t.i.d. - The basic measurement of length in the metric system is the ___.
- meter
- cubic centimeter
- cc
- When a physician dictates drug dosages and measurements, the transcriptionist may use ______, even if the physician does not dictate dosages in abbreviation.
- abbreviations
- p.c.
- after meals
- t.i.d.
- three times a day
- kg
- kilogram
- Drugs prescribed in generic form may be up to ___ _____ less than brand names.
- 1/2 percent
- Tablet
- dried, powered, compressed form
- Transdermal
- this route of administration differs from the topical route in that the drug is applied to the skin via physical delivery through a patch with a porous membrane for slow release.
- I.V. Piggyback
- A small secondary I.V. bag or bottle is connected through tubing to a port of an existing I.V. bottle
- 1 milligram
- 1000 micrograms
- Metric system abbreviations are not followed by a __.
- period
- When a cube is formed that is 1 cm long on each side, it becomes a measurement of volume known as the ____ ____.
-
cubic centimeter
**abbreviated as cc - gram
- g (not gm, which is obsolete or gr, which is the abbreviation for grain)
- microgram
- mcg
- Units
- (IU) some drugs are measured as units-- penicillin, vitamins and all types of insulin are measured in units.
- a.c.
- before meals
- q.h.s.
- at bedtime
- q.d.
- every day
- q.i.d.
- four times a day
- mL
- milliliter
- g
- gram
- /
- per