Anatomy and Physiology Marieb Test 2
Terms
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- What is the definition of Integum?
- Covering
- True or False the dermis is thicker than the epidermis?
- True
- The hypodermis is also called the?
- Superficial Fascia
- This layer of the skin is made of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
- The epidermis
- The layer of the epidermis where active mitosis occurs
- The Stratum Basale
- Layers of the Epidermis
- Corneum, Lucidum, Granular, Spinosum and Basale
- The system that includes the skin and its derivatives, including the sweat and oil glands, hair and nails is called?
- Integumentary System
- This skin layer contains nerve fibers, blood vessels, and smooth muscle cells
- Dermis
- A thickening of the epidermis caused by persistent friction is called a?
- Callus
- These layers of the epidermis contain dead keratiinocytes.
- Corneum and Lucidum
- This layer of the epidermis has 3-5 cell layers in which keratinocyte appearance changes drastically and the cells are dying
- Granulosum
- The Stratum Basale is also known as the?
- Stratum Germinativum
- The stratum spinosum is also called the?
- "prickly layer"
- What are the two layers of the Dermis?
- Papillary and the reticular
- Fingerprints are formed by?
- epidermal ridges that cover the dermal papillae
- The reticular of the dermis is made of?
- dense irregular connective tissue
- When skin is exposed to high tempertures what are some consequences?
- Dermal Papillae do not contract, There is no increased Melanin production, Blood vessels dialate, and there is no increased metosis production
- This causes the pinkish hue of fair skin due to Red Blood Cells circulating throught the dermal capillaries
- Hemoglobin
- Sweat glands are also called?
- Sudoriferous Glands
- Sweat glands are distributed over the entire surface of the skin except?
- nipples and parts of external genitalia
- How many sweat glands are there per person?
- More than 2.5 million
- What are the two types of sweat glands?
- Eccrine and apocrine
- Eccrine sweat glands are also called
- Merocrine sweat glands
- Where are eccrine sweat glands located?
- Abundant on palm, soles and forehead
- What is the pH of sweat?
- Between 4-6 (acidic)
- Each of these sweat glands are a simple coiled tubular gland that secretes through the dermis.
- Eccrine
- Sweat is a ______filtrate of blood
- hypotonic
- This is 99% water with salts, Vit C antibodies, dermicidin wates sure as urea ammonia and lactic acid
- Sweat
- These sweat glands are found in the axillary (under arm) and anogential (pubic) areas?
- Apocrine sweat glands
- They are larger than eccrine glands
- Apocrine
- Their ducts empty into hair follicles and contains true sweat plus fats and proteins
- Apocrine sweat glands
- These are modified apocrine glands found in the inner ear, that secretes Cerumen (ear wax)
- Ceruminous Glands
- Are Mammary glands sweat glands?
- Yes a specialized sweat gland
- Are Sebaceous Glands Holocrine Glands?
- Yes
- These are oil glands, simple alveolar glands found all over Except palms and soles of feet
- Sebaceous Glands
- Sebaceous Glands secrete ?
- Sebum
- Is sebum secreted into a hair follicle or directly to the skin surface?
- both
- Can Sebum be bactericidal?
- yes
- The white crescent that lies over the thick nail matrix is called the?
- Lunula
- The main function of hair on the human is to?
- sense insects on the skin before they sting us
- The central core of hair is called?
- Medulla
- What is Alopecia?
- Baldness or hair loss
- What is abnormal Lateral curvature of the spine?
- Scoliosis
- What is exaggerated thoracic curvature?
- Kyphosis (hunch back)
- What is exggerated lumbar curvature?
- Lordosis (sway back)
- How many cervical vertebrae are there?
- 7
- This usually involves rupture of the annulus fibrosus followed by protrusion of the spongy nucleus pulposus through the annulus
- Herniated disc
- What is unique about cervical vertebrae?
- They have a transverse foramen
- The C1 vertebrae is known as?
- Yes Vertebrae
- Which vertebrae artivulate with the ribs?
- Thoracic vertebrae
- How many thoracic vertebrae are there?
- 12
- The body of this vertebrae is heart shaped, with two facets on each side to receive the head of the ribs
- Thoracic vertebrae
- Where does the spinal cord end?
- L-2 Lumbar 2
- How many Lumbar vertebrae are there?
- 5
- This contains the thoracic vertebrae, the ribs and the sternum and costal cartilages
- The bony Thorax
- This bone contains the manubrium, the body and the xiphoid process
- The Sternum
- What are the functions of the bony thorax?
- Protect vital organs, supports shoulder girdle and upper limbs, and provides attachment points for the muscles of the neck, back, chest and shoulders
- What is the indentation at the top of the Sternum Manubrium?
- Jugular or Suprasternal notch
- This attaches the upper limbs to the body trunk
- Pectoral Girdle or shoulder girdle
- This secures the lower limbs
- Pelvic girdle or hip girdle
- The shoulder girdle consists of?
- The clavicle and the scapula
- The inferior border of the rib has a ______ that carries the ntercostal nerves and arteries
- Costal Groove
- This is a knoblike area on the rib that articulates with the transverse process of the vertebra
- Tubercle
- This bone is flattened at its lateral acromial end which articulates with the scapula
- Clavicle
- This is the only S shaped bone in the body
- Clavicle
- Each Scapula has three borders the?
- Superior, medial (vertebral) and the lateral (axillary)
- This articulates with the humerus of the arm forming the shoulder joint
- Glenoid Cavity
- This is a nerve passage medial to the coracoid process on the Scapula
- Suprascapular Notch
- This is the area between the shoulder and the elbow
- The arm
- This is the sole bone of the arm
- humerus
- these bones make up the forearm
- Ulna and Radius
- This includes the carpus, the metacarpals and the phalanges
- the hand
- This is the slight constriction inferior to the head of the humerus
- Anatomical neck
- The greater and lesser tubercle on the humerous is separated by?
- Bicipital Groove or Intertubercular groove
- This is the most frequently fractured part of the humerus
- Surgical neck
- This is the roughened attachment site for the deltoid muscle on the humerous
- Deltoid tuberosity
- This marks the course for the radial nerve on the humerous
- Radial Groove
- Where is the coronoid fossa?
- superior to the trochlea on the humerous
- What is the antebrachium?
- forearm
- In the anatomical position the radius lies?
- Laterally (on the thumb side)
- In the anatomical position the ulna lies?
- Medially
- True or false the ulna is slightly longer than the radius?
- True
- This bone is mainly responsible for forming the elbow
- Ulna
- The two big prominences on the ulna separated by the trochlear notch?
- Olecranon process and the coronoid process
- The head of the Ulna has a _______ where a ligament runs to the wrist
- Styloid process
- The head of this bone is shaped like a nail
- Radius
- This anchors the biceps of the arm to the radius
- Radial Tuberosity
- What is a colle's facture?
- a break in the distal radius (by the wrist)
- How many phalanges are there in the hand?
- 14
- What is the joint between metacarpal 1 and the trapezium bone called?
- Saddle joint
- The hip bone forms from the fusion of?
- Ilium, ischium and the pubis
- What is the deep socket where the head of the femur articulates?
- Acetabulum
- The large flaring bone that forms the superior region of the coxal bone is?
- Ilium
- The sciatic nerves passes through here
- Greater sciatic notch
- This defines the pelvic brim
- The arcuate line
- This receives the weight of the body when sitting
- ischial tuberosity
- The hole in the hip is called?
- Obturator foramen
- The femur length is about ___ of a person's height
- 25%
- What are the three segments of the lower limb?
- Thigh (femur) the leg and the foot
- The indentation on the head of the femur is the
- Fovea capitis
- What is the weakest part and most common facture part of the femur?
- neck
- The intertrochanteric line is on the ____ of the femur
- front
- The intertrochanteric crest is on the ____ of the femur
- back
- What bones form the lower leg?
- Tibia and Fibula
- this bone does not contribute to the knee joint, only helps to stablilize the ankle joint
- Fibula
- This part of the fibula forms the prominent ankle bulge and articulates with the talus
- Lateral Malleolus
- This bone receives the weight of the body from the femur and transmits it to the foot
- Tibia or shinbone
- This part of the tibia forms the medial bulge of the ankle
- Medial Malleolus
- What does the foot skeleton contain?
- Tarsus, the metatarsus and the phalanges
- The two large tarsal bones that carry the most weight are the?
- Talus (ankle) and the Calcaneus (heel)
- The enlarged head of the first metatarsal forms the?
- "ball of the foot"
- The metatarsus has?
- 5 small long metatarsal bones
- What are the three arches of the foot?
- Medial longitudinal arch, Transverse arch and Lateral longitudinal arch
- What is skeletal cartilage made up of?
- Variety of cartilage tissue which consists mainly of water
- The high water content of cartilage makes it?
- resilient and able to spring back to its orginal shape after being compressed
- Does Cartilage have nerves and blood vessels?
- No
- What is cartilage surrounded by?
- Dense irregular connective tissue called Perichondrium
- Does the perichondrium contain blood vessels?
- yes
- Is cartilage thick?
- No due to its lack of blood vessels
- What are the three types of cartilage
- hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage
- What are the basic components of cartilige
- Cells called chondrocytes encased in lacuna within an extracellular matrix contianing a jelly like ground substance and fibers
- This hyaline cartilage covers the ends of most bones at moveable joints
- Articular cartilages
- This hyaline cartilage connects the ribs to the sternum
- Costal cartilages
- Where is elastic cartilage found?
- External ear and epiglottis
- What are the two ways cartilage grows?
- Appositional and Intersititial
- This literally means "growth from the outside" it occurs when the perichondrium secrets new matrix against the external surface of the eisting cartilage
- Appositional growth
- This literally means "growth from the inside" occurs when the chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix expanding the cartilage from within
- Interstitial growth
- When does cartilage growth end?
- During adolescence when the skeleton stops growing
- the 206 bones of the skeleton may be classified according to their texture into two types
- Compact bone and Spongy bone
- Bones may be classified on the basis of their gross anatomy into four types
- Long bones, short bones, Flat bones, Irregular bones
- The femur, phalanges and all limb bones except patellas, carpals and tarsals are?
- Long Bones longer than they are wide
- The tarsals and carpals are types of?
- Short bones, cubed shaped
- These are found in the skull, the sternum, the scapula and the ribs
- Flat bones, thin with two wafers of compact bone with a layer of spongy between
- Vertebrae and coccyx are considered?
- Irregular bones
- Where is red bone marrow located in adults?
- in the trabecular cavities of the spongy bone of the flat bones and the proximal epiphysis of the humerus and femur
- This is a large rounded projection on a bone
- Tuberosity
- This is a narrow ridge of bone
- Crest
- This is a very large, blunt irregularly shaped process
- Trochanter
- This is a narrow ridge of bone, not as prominent as a crest
- Line
- This is a small rounded process or projection
- Tubercle
- Raised area above a condyle
- Epicondyle
- A sharp, slender, pointed projection
- Spine
- A prominence or projection
- Process
- This is a space within a bone filled with air lined with a mucous membrane
- A sinus
- Two types of bone cavities
- Antrum and sinus
- A canal like passage that allow blood vessels and nerves to pass through
- meatus
- a shallow, basin like depression in a bone, oftern serving as an articular surface
- a fossa
- a furrow in a bone
- groove
- narrow slit like opening in a bone
- fissure
- round or oval opening in a bone
- foramen
- All bone has a dense outer layer consisting of ?
- compact bone that is solid and smooth
- Internal to compact bone is the?
- Spongy bone, which is honeycom bed with needle-like pieces called trabeculae
- This bone has a tubular bone shaft called the diaphysis consisting of a bone collar surrounding a hollow medullary cavity which is filled with yellow bone marrow in adults
- long bones
- These are at the ends of the long bone and consist of an internal spongy bone covered by an out layer of compact bone
- Epiphyses
- The epiphyseal line is located between the epiphyses and diaphysis and is a remnant of the
- epiphyseal plate
- The external surface of the bone is surrounded by a periosteum, which is secured to the underlying bone by perforating
- "Sharpey's fibers"
- The internal surface of the bone is lined by a connective tissue membrane called the
- endosteum
- This organic component of bone build up bones
- Osteoblasts
- This organic component of bone Tears down bones
- Osteoclasts
- This is a mature bone cell
- Osteoctytes
- A mineral salt that is mostly calcium phosphate which gives bones it hardness
- hydroxyapetite
- Ossification and Osterogenesis mean?
- process of bone formation
- Are bones capable of growing in thickness throughout life?
- Yes
- Ossification in adults serves mainly for ?
- bone remodeling and repair
- When bone tissue replaces hyaline cartilage, forming all the bones below the skull except for the clavicle
- Endochondral ossification
- When bones form from fibrous connective tissue membranes resulting in cranial bones and clavicles
- Intramembraneous ossification
- Steps of Endochondral ossification
- 1 osteoblasts secrete osteoid, creating a "bone collar" around the diaphysis of the hyaline cartilage model. 2 Cartilage in the center calcifies and deteriorates, forming cavities, 3 Periosteal bud invades the cavities and spongy bone forms around the remaining fragments of hyaline cartilage4 the diaphysis elongates as the cartilage in the epiphysis continues to lengthen 5 A medullary cavity is formed by osteoclasts within the center of the diaphysis 6 the epiphyses ossify Shortly after birth through the development of secondary ossification centers
- The osteoid must mature for about a week before it can?
- Calcify
- In bone remodeling when the concentrations of calcium and phosphate ions reach a certain level?
- tiny crystals of hydroxyapetite form spontaneously
- This is essential for bone mineralization and is made by osteoblasts
- Alkaline phosphatase
- The ruffled border of the osteoclast secrets _____ and ____ to break down bone
- Lysosomal enzymes and hydrochloric acid
- This causes calcium levels to rise by stimulating osteoclasts to resorb bone and increases serium calcium weakens bones
- Para thyroid hormone
- This causes calcium levels to be lower by inhibiting bone resorption and encouraging calcium deposits in bones strengthens bones
- Calcitonin
- This includes a number of diseases in which the bones are inadequately mineralized
- Osteomalacia
- A fracture where the bone ends retain their normal postion
- Nondisplaced fracture
- A fracture where the bones are out of alignment
- Displaced fracture
- A fracture where the bone is broken through
- Complete fracture
- A fracture where the bone is not broken through
- Incomplete fracture
- A fracture which parallels the long axis
- Linear fracture
- A fracture that is perpendicular to long bone axis
- Transverse fracture
- A fracture that penetrates the skin
- Compound (open)
- A fracture that does not penetrate the skin
- Simple (closed)
- A fracture when the bone fragments into three or more pieces
- Comminuted fracture
- Bone is crushed
- compression fracture
- Ragged break occuring when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone
- Spiral fracture
- Epiphysis separates from the diaphysis along the epiphyseal plate
- Epiphyseal fracture
- Broken bone portion is pressed inward
- Depressed fracture
- Bone breaks incompletely, only one side of the shaft breaks the other side bends
- Greenstick fracture
- When bone resorption outpaces bone deposits
- Osteoporosis
- Special type of short bones found in tendons
- Sesamoid bones, patella and two in foot
- Tiny bones between cranial bones
- Wormian (sutural) bones
- Smooth portion of the frontal bone between the orbits is called?
- Glabella
- Squamous, Tympanic, mastoid, and petrous regions are all regions of?
- Temporal bone
- Three types of joints based on binding material
- Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
- Three types of fibrous joints are?
- Sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses
- These only occur between bones of the skull
- Sutures
- In middle age the fibrous tissue ossifies and the skull bone fuses into a
- synostosis
- The distal tibial-fibular joint has a little "give" but functionally is classified as an immovable joint this is an example of?
- Syndesmoses
- A peg-in-socket fibrous joint and example is the tooth
- Gomphoses
- When the articulating bones are united by cartilage and they lack a joint cavity
- Cartilaginous joints
- Two types of cartilaginous joints are?
- Synchondroses and symphyses
- A bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bones
- synchondroses
- the articular surface of the bones are covered with articular hyaline cartliage which is fused to a pad or plate of fibrocartilage
- symphyses
- Examples include the epiphysial plates connecting the diaphysis and epiphysis in long bones of children and the joint between the costal cartilage of the first rib and the manubrium
- Synchondrosis
- Samples include the intervertebral joints and the pubic symphsis
- Symphyses
- When the articulating bones are separated by a fluid-filled joint cavity
- Synovial joints
- All synovial joints are diarthrosis which means?
- They move in different directions
- five major features of synovial joints
- articular cartilate, joint (synovial) cavity, articular capsules, synovial fluid, and reinforcing ligaments
- This substance is made by filtration from blood and is viscous
- Synovial fluid
- When synovial fluid is forced out into the cavity when compression occurs of the cartilage
- "Weeping lubrication"
- A ligament can only stretch ____of its length before it snaps
- 6%
- Every skeletal muscle of the body is attached to bone or other connective tissue structures at?
- no less than two points
- When attached to the immovable or less movable bone it is called
- origin
- When attached to the moveable bone it is called
- insertion
- A slipping movement of a joint with no axis involved
- nonaxial movement
- Joint movement in one plane
- Uniaxial movement
- Joint Movement in two planes
- Biaxial movement
- joint Movement in all three planes of space
- Multiaxial movement
- Three general types of movement are?
- Gliding, angular movement and rotation
- Gliding movements are also known as
- Translation
- This is the simplest joint movement
- Gliding
- Found at the intercarpal and intertarsal joints and between the flat articular processes of the vertebrae, some mandibular motions and sacroiliac
- Gliding
- These movements increase or decrease the angles between bones
- Angular movements
- Seven types of angular movements?
- Flexion, extension, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, abduction, adduction, circumduction
- This decreases the angle of the joint
- Flexion
- This increases the angle between the articulating bones
- Extension
- Two specific terms used to describe foot motion
- Dorsiflexion (lifting the foot) and Plantar flexion (pointing the toes)
- The movement of a limb away from the midline
- Abduction
- The movement of a limb towards from the midline
- Adduction
- Moving a limb so that it describes a cone in space
- circumduction
- The turning of a bone around its own long axis
- rotation
- Rotating the forearm laterally so the palm faces up, it refers to the movement of the radius around the ulna
- Supination
- The forearm rotates medially and the palm faces posteriorly
- pronation
- When your foot points outward it is
- eversion and inversion to point inward
- The mandible can be
- Protraction and retraction and or elevation and depression
- The movement of the thumb to touch the fingertips due to the saddle joint between metacarpal1 and the carpals
- Opposition
- Synovial joints can be classified into six categories, based on the shape of their articular surfaces
- plane, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle and ball and socket joints
- The articular surfaces are essentially flat, allowing for short gliding movements it does not involve rotation around an axis
- Plane joints
- A cylindrical projection of one bone fits into a trough shaped surgace on another. Motion is on a single plane, to permit flexion and extension only
- Hinge joints
- The rounded end of one bone protrudes into a sleeve or ring made of another bone and some ligaments
- pivot joints
- intercarpal and intertarsal joints, joints between the vertebrae
- plane joints
- Elbow and interphalangeal joint
- hinge joints
- The atlas and dens of the axis, the proximal radioulnar joint
- Pivot joints
- Also called ellipsoidal joints, the oval articular surgace of one bone fits into a complementary depression in another. This joint permits all angular motions
- Condyloid joints
- Radiocarpal and metacarpophalangel (knuckle)
- condyloid joints
- Each articular surface has both concave and convex areas (shaped like a saddle) resembles condyloid joints
- Saddle Joints
- carpormetacarpal joint of the thumb
- Saddle joints
- The spherical or hemispherical head of one bone articulates with the cuplike saucer of the other, allows multiaxial movement
- Ball and socket joint
- Shoulders and hips
- Ball and socket joints
- In the knee joint this is attached anteriorly to the tibia and to the medial side of the femur, stops hyperextension of the femur
- Anterior cruciate ligament ACL