Mycology 2

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What is Mycology?: study of:
-Fungi - yeasts and molds
-They are eukaryotes
What are the two ways we observe fungi?: Microscopically
on Agar
what are the two forms of Fungal cells that may be seen on microscope?: -Hyphae
-Yeasts
What are two types of hyphae seen: -Microscopically -Macro: Micro: septate vs. aseptate

Macro: aerial vs. vegetative
5 typical characteristics of Yeasts:: 1. budding - blastoconidia
2. pseudohyphae
3. hyphae
4. chlamydospores
5. arthroconidia
What are the 4 General Characteristics of Mold contaminants/opportunists?: 1. Saprophytes
2. Opportunistic pathogens
3. Rapid-growers; 4-5d at 25-30 degrees.
4. Septate hyphae except zygomycetes.
What are the Common Contaminants? (10): Acremonium
Alternaria
Aspergillus niger
Cladosporium
Fusarium
Nigrospora
Paecilomyces
Penicillium
Scopulariopsis
Zygomycetes: mucor rhizopus and absidia
What is mucormycosis?: a rare opportunistic infection caused by Zygomycetes mucor;
-originates from inhaled spores in the soil
-goes to the bloodstream
-restricts blood flow to nose/mouth
-ultimately goes to the brain.
MAN WITHOUT A FACE
what are the 3 species of Zygomycetes?: Rhizopus
Absidia
Mucor
TEXTURE describes what about molds? 4 terms used to describe it:: describes consistency of aerial mycelium.

cottony
velvety
granular
waxy/glabrous
what about mold does arrangement describe? 3 terms:: its patterns within colonies.

-Rugose - indented center
-Umbonate - raised center
-Verrucose - irregular elevations
IN mold, what is the -Vegetative portion -Reproductive portion: vegetative : hypha
reproductive: spores
what are hyphae?: filaments produced by mold
what is a mass of hyphae called?: mycelium
2 types of mycelium: -aerial
-vegetative
what is the function of aerial mycelia?: support the reproductive structures - spores
what is the function of vegetative mycelia?: extends below surface into medium to absorb food
are most hyphae septate or aseptate?: septate
what type of spores are produced by most fungi of medical importance?: asexual - imperfect spores
what are the 7 types of spores produced by molds?: -blastoconidia
-chlamydoconidia
-arthroconidia
-phialoconidia
-macroconidia
-microconidia
-sporangiospores
what is a blastoconidia?: the most common type of sporulation; simple budding from another hypha.
what are chlamydoconidia?: very resistant, thick-walled structures.
what are arthroconidia?: spores from fragmentation of hypha
what are phialoconidia? arise from..: spores that arise from a vase on a tube-like strucuture called a phialide.
what are macroconidia?: large, septate spores
what are microconidia?: small, aseptate spores.
what are sporangiospores?: spores formed within a sac called a sporangium
chlamydoSPORES are associated with ______ chlamydoCONIDIA are associted with ______: spores = yeast
conidia= molds
what morphology is typical of Acremonium species?: conidiophore with balls of conidia at the end - looks like a daisy
what's typical morphology of alternaria?: Macroconidia - large septate spores with alternating vertical and horizontal septa.
what morphology is typical of aspergillus niger?: phialoconidia on top of a conidiophore.
-phialides coming off
what specimens are tested for Dermatophytes and Superficial Mycoses?: Skin
Hair NAils
Dermatophytes are found in ____ Superfic. Mycoses are found in ___ and __: Dermato = skin

Superficial = Hair and Nails
what are the three main genera of the dermatophytes and superficial mycoses? main characteristic in ALL: what infection do they all cause?: -Microsporum
-Trichophyton
-Epidermophyton

-All are SEPTATE
-All cause Tinea - "gnawing worm" in various forms.
In what body parts are the 3 dermatophytes found? What microscopic characteristic distinguishes each?: Microsporum - skin, hair; Tapered macroconidia.

Trycophyton: skin, hair, nails; Microconidia.

Epidermophyton: skin, nails; club-shaped macroconidia
how are tinea infections transmitted?: person to person, by sharing combs and hats.
what is Tinea capitis? caused by what two genera?: infection of the scalp. Originally thought to be ringworm beause causes a ring and circle of hair may be lost.

-Microsporum and Trychophyton
what funny animal does the microscope of microsporum look like? what distinguishes trychophyton?: the silhouette of an ARMADILLO.

In contrast, NOTHING distinguishes trycho - just lots of little microconidia.
What is tinea barbae, what causes it?: infection of beard area.

trychophyton
what is tinea corporis, what causes it? what's a special form, what causes it?: infection of the body, trunk.

-Any dermatophyte.

Tinea imbricata -
caused by Tinea concentricum giving a tattooed look without the tattoo price!
what is Tinea cruris? what causes it?: Jock itch - gross-phytes man

Epidermophyton floccosum
Trichophyton rubrum and mentagrophytes
What is tinea pedis, what causes it?: athlete's foot

trichophyton or epidermophyton
what is the disease ll's son had? (I pity him) it has two names: Pityriasis (Tinea) versicolor
aka, Malassezia furfur

caused by malassezia
what are the 4 types of superficial mycoses?: 1. Onychomychosis
2. Trichophyton tonsurans
3. Black/white piedra
4. Ectothrix and Endothrix.
What is onychomychosis? what causes it?: a fungal nail infection caused by
-trichophyton
C. albicans
what is trichophyton tonsurans the cause of?: black dots on the scalp
what do black and white piedra look like?: black: dense fungus causing black nodules around hair shafts.

white: cottony, looser fungus grows around the shaft.

both cause hair breakage.
what is the difference between ectothrix and endothrix?: -both are hair infections, but
Ecto = mold on the hair shaft OUTSIDE,
Endo = many fungal spores withIN the hair shaft.
what is rose gardener's disease?: Sporotrichosis
what type of mucosis is it?: subcutaneous
what causes sporotrichosis, where is it seen, from what is it normal flora?: Sporothrix schenkii
-seen in the U. S.
-normal in soil.
what happens in sporotrichosis?: gardener gets pricked, the mold causes lesions on hands/arms and moves up into lymphatic system
what's intresting about sporothrix schenkii from a lab point of view?: it is a DIMORPHIC fungus - has two growth phases
what are the phases of sporothrix?: -Mycelial 25"C

-Yeast (tissue) phase 37"C
which phase is infectious? why?: mycelial - it's where there are hyphae and spores in the soil.

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