Sociology before midtern
Terms
undefined, object
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- What is sociology commonly confused with?
- social work, socialism (governing philosophy that pushes centralized management), statistics (it is the interpretation of these), therapy
- value-neutral
- doesn't side with one side or the other
- Sociology
- a discipline (language) given to systematically understanding society
- Society
- a population that's prganized to carry out the major functions of life
- Weltenshaung
- a world view
- Who was Wright Mills, what did he write, and what was his main idea?
- Marxist/Socialist who wrote "The Sociological Imagination". said that personal troubles and public issues are not the same
- What were Peter Berger's three ideas?
- Debunking, unrespectability, and relativization
- Debunking
- going beyond conventional wisdom ("things are not what they seem")
- Unrespectability
- everything is worthy of study (not seeking to validate)
- Relativization
- mobility of mind ("what if life was different?")
- What was Andre Guery associated with?
- Moral statistics (crime in France)
- What did Emile Durkheim write and when?
- Suicide, in 1897
- Who first coined the term "sociologist"?
- Emile Durkheim
- Sociology is the study of _______
- social facts
- What are the two types of social facts?
- external and coercive
- What are external social facts?
- Expectations, don't come from within. We are not free to make our own definitions of [fatherhood]
- What are coercive social facts?
- They exercise restraint on us. However, they can be changed
- Human behavior is _________ and ___________.
- patterned, linked
- Ritzger says that banks no longer encourage _______; but instead _____ and _____.
- saving; spending, debt.
- What are two examples of things that are personal and public troubles?
- Divorce, and credit card debt.
- In sociology, we look no at the _______ or _______ senses of behavior, but at the ________.
- biological, physical, social roots.
- When we look at gender roles, what must we first examine?
- Social expectations and Experience
- Theories
- patterns in the social world applied back to observations
- Data
- the observations that theories are applied to
- Inductive thinking
- the search for patterns
- Deductive thinking
- the application of patterns
- Agency
- humans have free will
- deterministic
- if the reasons are right, this will happen (humans do NOT have)
- What are the two levels of explanation?
- Ideographic and Nomethetic
- Ideographic
- explains the event in its entirety
- Nomothetic
- major causes of general phenomena rather than a specific event
- What are the two criteria for causation?
- Chronology and Connection
- Chronology
- does your independent variable precede in time your dependent variable?
- Connection
- consistency
- spuriousness
- much broader story (finding the third variable that relates the othet two)
- What are two common mistakes with causation
- Provincialism and tunnel vision
- provincialism
- finding what you "want" to find
- tunnel vision
- moving too quickly from one cause to the effect
- What are the two ways to measure accuracy?
- Validity and reliability
- Validity
- are you measuring what you think you're measuring?
- reliability
- are your measures consistent?
- Conceptualization
- the refinement and specification of abstract terms
- Operationalization
- development of procedures for observing and defining behaviors
- analytical perspective
- what we see is dependent on how we see it
- All knowledge is contingent on your ____________
- social and chronological location
- What are the three parts of the social construction of reality?
- Externalization, objectivization, and internalization
- externalization
- the discovery of a new piece of knowledge
- objectivization
- the fact takes on a life of its own (we forget how we know it)
- internalization
- affects our behavior
- ______ is modified by _______
- nature, nurture
- socialization
- process of an infant learning how to get along in society
- what are the two types of socialization
- Primary and Secondary
- Primary Socialization
- takes place during childhood and refers to the major ways of life in a given society
- Secondary Socialization
- more specific to a given role or profession, usually later in life
- Self
- unique set of traists, behaviors, and values that distinguish one person from the next. (active and passive)
- What was the idea that C.H. Cooley came up with?
- looking-glass self (self awareness.
- G.H. Mead came up with the idea of ______
- I and Me (playing and gaming). I is not socialized and me has been socialized.
- playing
- no worries about other players. not taking into account the other person
- gaming
- knows to take others expectations into account
- Status
- a named position (father)
- Role
- set of rules and expectations
- Group
- a network of roles ineracting with some frequency
- Primary group
- small in number, have contact over long period of time (family)
- secondary group
- don't interact a lot, not much emotional intensity
- family
- group of persons connected by kinship
- kinship
- lines of descent or marriage
- marriage
- socially recognized sexual union
- homogomy
- tend to marry someone who looks like you (racial group, economic class, education level)
- equity theory
- people bring resources to a marriage.
- What are the three types of property in family?
- erotic, generational, and household
- religion
- a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things
- what are the two realms of religion?
- sacred and profane
- sacred realm
- that which inspires awe, can be humbling and fearful
- profane realm
- just ordinary
- simple supernaturalism
- no discontinuity between senses and divine
- animism
- everything inhabited by gods
- theism
- gods are seperate from everything else
- abstract ideals
- ethical understandings of the world that are centered on some aspect of spirituality
- civil religions
- beliefs and rituals that communicate meaning outside religious institutions
- church
- large established religious body in the social order with little tension between morals and society
- sect
- small, less integrated into social order. high tension in surrounding community.
- cult
- brand new religious innovations.
- secularization
- more and more of life is coming out from under religious control
- fundamentalism
- reclaimed authority for religion over a culture that has strayed from its moorings
- The state
- a compulsory political association with continuous organization whose administrative staff successfully claims the monopoly of violence in enforcement of its orders
- sovreignty
- within its borders, the state is supreme
- nationalism
- a sense of belonging..."imainged community"
- citizenship
- we have rights in society
- what are the three characteristics of the state?
- sovreignty, nationalism, and citizenship
- what are the three types of rights that we have?
- civil, political, and social
- civil rights
- equal protection before the law
- political rights
- rights of participation
- social rights
- minimum standards of security
- power
- the ability of a group or person to achieve their goals despite opposition
- pluralists
- believe that power is widely distributed among competing interest groups (alliance building)
- elitists
- see an overlapping network of leaders in various fields running the shoq
- how are decisions made in pluralism?
- by negotiationa nd compromise
- how are decisions made in elitism?
- by a small group with little input from others
- capitalism
- private property and competition. takes money to make money
- socialism
- collective ownership and central management. no incentive to work.
- What did Marx say that the single most important characteristic is?
- Labor. noble but difficult existence.
- labor should teach us to _______
- cooperate
- with industrialization comes _____
- surplus
- what are the two classes of karl marx?
- bourgeoisie (owners) and proletariat (workers)
- workers own nothing except their ________
- labor
- What are the two conditions under which we labor?
- external (not human nature. should be satisfying) and forced (must do it to survive.)
- what is the "third group" of workers?
- salesmen
- solidarity
- capacity for collective action, holds us together. "social glue"
- two types of solidarity
- mechanical (common experience) and organic (difference, exchange, and complexity)
- morality
- you know what is right because you have been taught what is right; internalized the demands of the social order
- what are the two types of suicide?
- altruistic and egoistic
- altruistic suicide
- someone kills themself for the good of the group
- egoistic suicide
- person chooses to end their own life
- cultural anthropology
- particulars and universals in human behavior
- psychological behaviorism
- operant behavior, change behavior that wouldn't be natural
- economics
- exhange and rational behavior
- distributive justice
- the exchange network stays open (both ust feel that they got a good deal)
- What are Homans five propositions?
- Success, stimulus, value, deprivation-satiation, and aggression-approval
- the success proposition
- if an activity has been rewarded in the past, it will be more likely to be repeated
- the stimulus proposition
- if behavior has been helpful has been helpful once, it will be helpful again
- the value proposition
- endure increased costs for the rewards they find more valuable
- rationality proposition
- A=pV (action = probability x value)
- the deprivation-statiation proposition
- behaviors are more/less likely in proportion to the deprivation/satiation of te reward
- the aggression-approval proposition
- if the reward is not forthcoming, the actor will become aggressive
- values
- beliefs about the way the world should be (just)
- norms
- socially approved of means for pursuing goals
- voluntaristic theory of action
- actors -> means -> goals
- conformity
- more goals, more means
- innovation
- more goals, less means
- ritualism
- less goals, more means
- retreatism
- less goals, less means
- moral
- we believe in notions of right and wrong
- second order desires
- the ability to reflect on your actions or convictions and change them somehow
- morals orders
- shared obligations that are bigger than the individual(schools, churches, etc)
- metanarratives
- big stories about the world (how it works, where it came from)