This site is 100% ad supported. Please add an exception to adblock for this site.

History Foreign Policy

Terms

undefined, object
copy deck
2 final factors causing outcry for war
1) Germans announced resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare to discourage France and Britain. Sunk 5 American merchant ships in North Atlantic in 2/1917. 2) 3/1917, Britain intercepted Zimmerman Telegram.
McKinley Assassinated, who took over?
TR
Events leading to US involvement in WW1
Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria assassinated. Austria declared war on Serbia, Russia on Austria, Germany on Russia, England & France on Austria, etc. Wilson proclaimed neutrality "Neutral in thought as well as in action." German use of unrestricted warfare, Zimmerman Telegram lead to US entry in war
American Military Activity in WW1
Race for France. 1st troops in France 1917 July, 2 million troops under John Pershing command.
Meuse-Argonne offensive
Began 9/1917 in west France. Alvin York here.
Selective Services Act 1917
Increased military from 379,000 to 3.7 million troops
Trench Warfare
Defining characteristic of war, 9 million killed, 19 million injured
Dollar Diplomacy
Taft would throw money at problems first, then send military if needed
Russo Japanese War
Russia and Japan were fighting over Korea, Manchuria, etc. Began in 1904, but neither side could gain a clear advantage and win. Both sent reps to Portsmouth, NH where TR mediated Treaty of New Hampshire in 1905. TR won the nobel peace prize for his efforts, the 1st pres. to do so.
Panama Canal
1850 treaty between UK and US that a canal would be team effort. About 1900, UK decided they didn't want to be part of the treaty anymore. French tried but failed to complete Panama canal. Hay negotiated treated with Columbia, would pay $10 million up front and a yearly fee for rights to build the canal. Columbia refused, panama declared independence after several rebellions, and the US supported them. Panama got the same deal Columbia would have. Greatest achievement of TR's presidency, revolutionized world trade patterns
Treaty of Versailles
Wilson compromised. Agreed to German reparations, "War Guilt Clause", demilitarization of Germany (limited to 100,000 men), League of Nations. Gave up territory (Saar basin to French, coal-rich). Ottoman Empire gone, England control of Middle East, Homeland for Jews (Israel made of Palestine).
2 groups in US opposed to treaty ratification
Irreconcilables - 16 senators, no league of nations. Didn't want to be committed to defending other countries. Reservationists - 35 senators, led by Henry Cabot Lodge (Wilson enemy), no League of Nations, other problems. Needed 64 of 96 votes to ratify, couldn't do it. Wilson suffered stroke on speaking tour, senate voted 3 times on 3 versions, never ratified. US never joined League of Nations.
Mexican Civil War
1910-1916, 4 different leaderse of Mexico. 1915, Pancho Villa invaded New Mexico, Wilson sent military to Mexico to get Villa, 6K commanded by BlackJack John J Pershing. He asked permission before he went to Mex, and this shows his moralistic tendency
End of war
1920, Joint Resolution declared Germany war over. Wilson didn't sign. Warren Harding elected in 1920 (highest popular vote % at the time) "Return to Normalcy" campaign. Passed Joint Resolution. Germany billed $33 Billion for reparations. Treaty of Versailles eventually caused WWII.
Relations with Japan
1906, San Francisco had city ordinance segregating Asians into other schools. Japan complained to TR and they made "Gentlemen's Agreement". 1907 TR got SF to rescind order and Japan wouldn't give as many visas to come to the US. TR sent 16 battleships on a voyage around the world, to Japan to make a show of military power, as if to say, "We can work together, but look what I have!"
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
Sinking ships without warning. German's sunk the Bristish passenger ship Lusitania May 1915. 1200 killed included 130 Americans. Wilson demanded reparations and apology. Bryan instructed to send memo to Germany, hesitant, but did. Germans said Lusitania was armed (false) and carrying military cargo (true, British was using civilians to shield war cargo). Bryan refused to write 2nd note and resigned as Sec of State. Replaced by Robert Lansing who DID write 2nd note, and Germans pledged not to use USWarfare, civilians would be allowed to evacuate
Armistice
November 1918, Germans signed armistice, agreement to stop fighting and negotiate
Labor Force in WW1
1) African-Americans recruited from South to work in northern factories, leading to Great Migration, AA pop. tripled between 1910 and 1930. Still discriminated against though, riots in St. Louis. 2) Women more involved in work effort, with factory jobs, loading docks, railway crews. Temporary gains though, because they went back to normal after war.
Civil Liberties in WW1
1) Anything German unpopular, sauerkraut is "liberty cabbage". 2) Schools quit teaching German, no Bach or Beethoven. 3) Espionage Act of 1917, severe penalties for aiding enemy. 4) Sedition Act 1918, could not say anything to obstruct sale of liberty bonds or to advocate cutbacks in production. 5) 1000 convictions under these acts, socialists and other radicals were primary targets, Debs went to jail for his anti-war efforts.
TR Corollary
Islands in debt. Monroe Doctrine said Europe can't colonize US areas. The Corollary was an addition that said Europe shouldn't try to collect debts in US territory islands. US would intervene to get debts paid. This worked to stabilize the region.
TR's 4 big diplomatic efforts (he was not an isolationist)
Panama Canal, Roosevelt Corollary, Russo-Japanese War, Relations w/Japan (Great White Fleet)
Wilson's Sec of State
William Jennings Bryan, a passivist. Eventually resigned over note sending. Wilson and Bryan were both protestants
Jeannette Rankin
1st woman in Congress, from Montana. Voted against the war. Not reelected after 1st term. 24 years later, reelected and voted against WWII after Pearl Harbor, but changed her vote 4 days later.
Hoover
Director of Food Administration - made name for himself during WW1
War Industries Board
Headed by Bernard Baruch, could order businesses to support war by building more plants, etc.
Negotiating the Peace
Paris Peace Conference - "Big Four" Wilson (USA), Clemenceu (France), Lloyd-George (Britain), Orlando (Italy, who had changed sides). Wilson/Clemenceau tension - Clem wanted reparations, navy destroyed, and army disabled. Wilson wanted 14 points, including Freedom of Seas (neutral countires can go wherever they want) and National Self Determination (every ethnic group in Europe to have its own homeland.) Occupied land to be returned, and League of Nations.
Boxers in China
Chinese group with intensive military trining went to Peking and attacked all foreign embassies. Significance: The land belongs to foreign countries. So it was like an act of war. Boxer Rebellion caused greater acceptance of Open Door Policy.
World War 1 "sides"
Triple Entente - England, French and Russia. Central Powers - Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy (briefly)
William McKinley's Open Door Policy
John Hay, sec of state. Great worldwide interest in China. Germany, France, Japan and England all wanted sea ports, create "Spheres of Influence" in China. US late to game. Hay sent secret diplomats to these counties, asked not to carve up China. Everyone should be able to trade with China on an equal basis. No one responded, so Hay said everyone agreed to the Open Door Policy, and it was "implemented"
US preparing for war
by 1916, increased size of army, navy and income tax. Wilson won in 1916 narrowly "he kept us out of war". Gave speech about "peace without victory" and "peace among equals". Announced fourteen points peace plan.
Zimmerman Telegram
March 1917. Sent from German Foreign Secretary, addressed to German minister in Mexico City. Mexico should attack the US if US goes to war with Germany (needed that advantage due to Mexico's promixity to the US). In return, Germany would give back Tex, NM, Arizona etc to Mexico.

Deck Info

31

permalink