bio flash cards
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- golgi apparatus
- • stack off membranous sacs • proteins get in and out via vesicles • site for modification and sorting of proteins • present in eukaryotic cells
- what is the theory of evolution
- - All organisms derive from a common ancestor that diverge/change over time - Based on similarities between species, distribution and appearance of fossils and selection for specific traits.
- Paleozoic Era-
- certain types of animals first appeared, most animal phyla first appeared,
- mitosis occurs in ___ cells
- somatic
- Cretaceous
- radiation of animals lots of diversification, ended with a mass extinction
- vertebrates
- backbone
- whats the difference between a theory and hypothesis?
- theories support hypothesis after research, hypothesizes are possible answers to the research question
- exponential growth phase
- period of undiminished growth because of death and the slope depends on the birth and death rates.
- invertebrates
- no backbone
- homologous chromosomes
- same genes, same location, different info
- taiga/coniferous
- cold snowy winters and warm summers;located in northern latitudes; has pines there, largest biome
- marsupials
- pouched ex kangaroo and opossum,
- jaundice
- cant fully process/break down the hemoglobin
- amino acids join together to form ____
- peptides or polypeptides
- deletion
- taking away a gene
- translation
- RNA to protein
- ribosomes
- • made in the nucleolus and exported via nuclear pores • can be bound to er or float in cytoplasm/cytosol • site of translation of RNA into protein • present in all cells
- benign
- non cancerous
- non- disjunction- improper separation
- improper separation
- tropical forest
- • Close to equator • Lots of rain, warm weather, plenty of sun for photosynthesis • Life is found mainly at the canopy because sunlight doesn't penetrate the forest floor
- Gene Flow
- -change in allele frequency due to migration, individual leaves population A and enters population B and mates with someone
- what comes after observation in the scientific method?
- hypothesis
- Population
- group of individuals of the same species freely interbreed
- clumped dispersion
- Members of a population cluster together in high densities, while few individuals are found in between those clusters • Ex. Humans often cluster in cities MOST COMMON
- difference between saturated and unsaturated fats
- saturated fats pack better; solid (butter) and unsaturated has kinks (oil)
- Plantae
- Eukaryotic, multi-cellular, make their own food (autotrophic), mainly stationary
- devonian era
- insects and amphibians, carboniferous- extensive forests, reptiles
- analogous traits
- convergence- evolutionarily distant species look alike because of similar enviormental/lifestyle constraints. Ex: body shapes needed for water (seals,penguins)
- what does hydrophilic mean and which one is hydrophilic? carbs or lipids?
- water loving- carbs
- what are carbohydrates composed of/function
- monosaccharides (glucose) function-energy and structural
- positive ion is when an electron is
- lost
- • Lag phase
- - significant change in the total individuals in a population; slow or no growth. New population is established, help to promote reproduction later
- whats the first step of the scientific method?
- observation
- Monotremes
- egg laying ex platypus,
- Mesozoic Era- Triassic-
- dinosaurs and first mammals occur; ended with a mass extinction
- series of base pair
- gene
- proteins can be ___, ____ and _____
- structural, enzymes and nutrients
- what comes after experimentation in the scientific method?
- results
- silurian era
- bony fishes
- what are proteins composed of/function
- amino acids, support metabolic, transport, regulation, motion
- difference between high fructose corn syrup and table sugar?
- HFCS is not bonded and table sugar is
- Protista
- simplest eukaryotics
- plasma membrane
- • controls movement of materials into and out of the cell • called the phospholipid bilayer • molecules can move laterally in the membrane • present in all cells
- sickle cell disease
- mutation in hemoglobin
- Animalia
- Eukaryotic, multi cellular, rely on other organisms for food
- what type of bond includes sharing of elements
- covalent
- exocytosis
- vesicle fuses with membrane to release contents outside of the cell
- what is studied in bio?
- structures and processes required for life ranging from small to large and evolution of life
- Mitochondria
- • energy producing oganelle with double membrane (outer- mitochondrial membrane/inner which is folded up called cristae) • site of cellular respiration where food energy is converted to energy for the cell to us (ATP)- cell respiration- needs oxygen • have their own DNA • present in eukaryotic cells
- DNA packaged in _____
- chromosomes
- Condensed DNA
- cant be accessed but can be moved around
- metastic
- spread
- Premating: temporal isolation
- - two similar populations have different breeding seasons or times and won't interbreed
- deceleration phase
- period of exponential growth decreases, food supplies increase
- KPCOFGS
- kingdom phylum class order family genus species
- Proterozoic Eon
- eukaryotic cells began to appear, oxygen accumulates in the atmosphere and aerobic organisms appear, first animal (jellyfish) appear.
- Fossils are dated using _____ dating
- radioisotope
- Archaea
- Prokaryotic microbes that can live in extreme enviorments
- water can dissolve many other substances because its a _______
- solvent
- eutherians
- placental, ex mouse, humans
- whats the difference in sugars between DNA and RNA
- deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA
- whats the difference in strands between DNA and RNA
- DNA- double RNA- single
- characteristics of life
- have a complex organized structure of cells and organic molecules - acquire & use material and energy (energy from sun → help plants → food for consumers)
- allele
- different form of the same gene
- which is hydrophilic? polar or non polar?
- polar
- in DNA.. A pairs with ? and C pairs with ?
- A-T and C-G
- Uncondensed
- can be accessed but difficult to move
- desert
- Regions with very low rainfall, sparse vegetation
- radiation
- uses energy to damage DNA
- which type of bond includes both a positive and negatively charged elements
- ionic (salt)
- missense
- - small or large thing changes (FAT- FIT)
- active transport
- low to high concentration
- Allopolyploidy
- similar but not the same specie, hybridization between closely related plant species.
- Bacteria
- Prokaryotic microbes have diverse lifestyles
- glycerol is what kind of lipid
- structural
- what is the last step of the scientific method?
- more testing
- facilitated diffusion
- high to low concentration WITH PROTEIN
- Gamete isolation
- when the sperm and egg are not compatible; mating occurs but fertilization does not
- insertion
- adding another gene
- Random dispersion
- Individuals are randomly distributed throughout the available habitat area and may be found anywhere at any time
- vestigal traits
- traits that are functional in one species but not another, continue to be present even if they stop functioning, (tailbones in humans, muscles that make cats hair stands up causes goose bumps in humans)
- Premating: Behavioral Isolation-
- differences in behaviors (singing) will keep species from interbreeding
- what is the cell theory
- 1. all living things are made of cells 2. the cell is the smallest structural and functional unit of living things 3. all cells come from a pre- existing cells by cell division
- juristic
- first birds
- cytoplasm
- gel inside the cell
- uniform dispersion
- o Individuals are evenly spaced throughout the available habitat area o Rarely occurs
- Quarternary
- - large mammals become extinct, humans evolve
- is sucrose a polysaccaride?
- no
- are organic molecules large or small
- large
- what is the importance of the germ theory?
- sterile practices, vaccine development, pasteurization of foods, development/use of antibiotics
- tundra
- Region close to the poles, coldest temps
- random fertilization
- gametes combine with regard to other alleles they carry
- law of independent assortment
- separate independently
- what makes trans fats
- hydrogenation
- Phylogeny
- evolutionary relationship
- ER
- • Membrane that begins at the nuclear envelope and extends into the cytoplasm and only present in eukaryotic cells • can be smooth (without ribosomes) or rough(with ribosomes) • functions in detoxification and synthesis of lipids
- a ph level less than 7 is _______
- acidic
- disruptive selection
- favors both extremes and selects against intermediate
- Eon-
- composted of two or more eras
- cytoskeleton
- • protein fibers that give shape and structure to the cell • helps with the cell and organelle movement in some cases • composted of microtubules and actin and intermediate filaments • present in all cells
- malignant
- invade other cells
- Developmental relationships
- - stages are similar in different organisms but structures that appear later cause different structures to form ex. Humans have gill like structure that turns into facial bones, similarities in development suggest evolutionary relationships
- Cambrian era
- explosion because all the phyla appeared, mass extinctions occurred.
- what bond occurs on the surface?
- hydrogen bonds
- big changes from homo habilis
- brain bigger, teeth smaller
- whats the difference in nucleotides between DNA and RNA
- DNA - ACGT RNA- ACGU
- dizygotic
- fraternal twins
- what are nucleic acids composed of/function
- nucleotide, function-storage of genetic information
- what are lipids composed of/function
- fatty acids, function- long term energy storage, membrane components
- nonsense
- - shorter version of the sequence that causes severe problems
- phagocytosis
- the process by which a cell engulfs foreign substances or other cells
- permian era
- Mass extinction at the end and 96 percent of species were gone that existed in the beginning.
- is oil hydrophobic or philic? polar/non polar?
- hydrophobic and non polar
- alive or not alive?
- cells, organs, tissues
- Endocytosis
- process by which a cell takes in a substance by surrounding it with the cell membrane (pinching inward-eating)
- Era-
- composed of two or more periods; look for embezzled fossils
- tumor supressor genes
- stops cells from dividing
- meiosis occurs in ____ cells
- germ and sex
- Fungi
- Eukaryotic, multi cellular, rely on other organisms for food, produce spores
- 3 Domains
- Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
- Cenozoic Era
- Tertiary period- continents approach their current position, adaptive radiation of many organisms
- isotope
- atoms that differ in their # of neutrons, some emit energy known as radioactivity
- Post Mating:
- Reduced F1 and F2 Fitness Reduced fitness of the F1 generation of hybrids, less desirable and fit
- polysaccarides
- branched chain
- what comes after hypotheisis in the scientific method?
- experimentation
- Archean Eon
- photosynthetic prokaryotic organisms appear, picture of bacteria that are said to be descended.
- law of segregation
- alleles seperate during meiosis
- osmosis
- moving water
- translocation
- - 2 non homologous exchange parts
- proto oncogenes
- help cells divide
- nucleic acid doesnt have a ____ role
- structural
- transcription
- DNA to RNA
- pH level of 7 is _____________
- neutral
- what is the smallest unit of elements
- atom
- bottle neck
- decreased in size from disaster remaining individuals are similar, population lacks variety, susceptible to extinction
- hemoglobin
- protein in blood that carries oxygen to tissues
- inversion
- part of it is turned upside down in gene sequence
- directional selection
- - favors one extreme but not the other for a given trait
- 4 Kingdoms
- Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
- Mating: Mechanical Isolation
- - physical incompatibility with mating
- , crossing over
- chromosomes swap information
- what gives animals their shape
- cytoskeleton
- which has no charge? polar or non polar?
- non polar
- stabilizing selection
- favors intermediates over extremes when selecting for traits
- Autopolyploidy
- diploid plant produces diploid gametes due to nondisjunction during meiosis.
- which gives more energy lipids or carbs
- lipids
- chemotherapy
- drugs injected in the bloodstream
- k selected organisms (opposite of r)
- • Large inviduals, long life span, slow to mature, few and large offspring, much care of offspring
- alive or not alive? organelles and biomolecules
- not alive
- how long are you in remission for? how long til your cured?
- 5 years remission 10 years cured
- how do ions differ from elements
- # of electrons
- what comes after results in the scientific method?
- conclusions
- chloroplast
- • photosynthesis happens here (conversion of light energy into food) • has a double membrane • contains pigments that give plants green color • present in plants, some protists, and some bacteria
- lysosome
- acidic container
- simple diffusion
- high to low concentration
- grassland/savannah
- Dominated by non-woody grasses (wheat fields)
- what helps to maintain ph
- buffer
- NEED THIS TO GET TO TWO DIFFERENT SPECIES
- reproductive isolation
- what does hydrogenation do in terms of grease
- less greasy
- all of DNA has the same
- basic code
- stationary phase
- period when growth levels off, happens when environment reaches their carrying capacity
- temperate forests
- seasonal changes, WHERE WE LIVE, deciduous trees
- pH level more than 7 is ______
- basic