Bio
Terms
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- spongy mesophyll
- layer of cells near the underside of a leaf where photosynthesis takes place; they have large air spaces between them
- testa
- hard outer covering of a seed
- translocation
- the movement of materials within a plant, particularly ones which the plant itself has made, such as sugars
- DNA
- deoxyribonucleic acid; a substance found in chromosome, which carries a code used by the cell when making proteins
- starch
- the polysaccharide storage material for plants, made from molecules of hundreds of glucose units linked together
- homeostasis
- the maintenance of a constant internal environment
- gene
- a length of DNA which codes for the making of a particular protein; a unit of inheritance
- deamination
- a reaction which takes place in the lier, where amino acids are converted to urea and carbohydrate
- destarching
- keeping a plant in the dark, so it cannot photosynthesise and will use up its starch stores
- extracellular
- outside cells
- mucus
- a slimy liquid, secreted by goblet cells, used in many parts of the body for lubrication
- chloroplasts
- organelles found in many plant cells, which contain chlorophyll, and where photosynthesis takes place
- lacteal
- a lyphatic vessel inside villus, which looks milky because it contains absorbed fat
- xylem vessel
- a long, narrow tube made of many dead, lignified cells arranged end to end; conducts water in plants, and supports them
- eutrophication
- a process in which extra nutrients are added to water, so increasing the growth of plants and bacteria, and reducing oxygen levels
- cell surface membrane
- a very thin layer of protein and fat, which surrounds the cytoplasm of every living cell
- consumer
- an organism which consumes other organisms for food; all animals are consumers
- maltase
- an enzyme which digests the disaccharide maltose
- keratin
- the protein which makes up hair, nail, horn and the outer layer of skin
- lymph node
- an organ through which lymph flows, containing many white cells, and where antibodies are made
- carbohydrase
- an enzyme which breaks down carbohydrate molecules
- catalyst
- a substance which alters the rate of a reaction, without being changed itself
- leaching
- the loss of soluble substances from soil, as they are washed out by rain water
- phloem
- a plant tissue in which substances made by the plant are carried form one part to another
- cellulose
- a polysaccharide made from glucose molecules linked together in very long chains. It forms fibres, which make up the cell walls of plants
- carbohydrate
- sugars and starches
- flaccid
- a plant cell is which has lost water, so that the cytoplasm does not push outward on the cell wall
- bile salts
- substances found in bile, which emulsify fats in the duodenum.
- bile
- a liquid made by the liver, stored in the gall bladder, and passed into the duodenum along the bile duct.
- ileum
- the part of the alimentary canal between the duodenum and colon; it is very long, and is lined with villi to help with the absorption of digested food
- excretion
- the removal of toxic materials and the waste products of metabolism, from organisms
- nectar
- a sugary liquid secreted by flowers to attract insects or birds for pollination
- sucrase
- an enzyme that digests sucrose
- ingestion
- taking food into the alimentary canal
- egestion
- the removal of indigestible food from the body
- enzymes
- biological catalysts; proteins made by living organisms, which speed up chemical reactions
- herbivore
- an animal which eats plants
- producer
- the first organism in a food chain, which produces food i.e a green plant
- duodenum
- a short length of alimentary canal into which the bile duct and the pancreatic duct empty bile and and pancreatic juice
- colon
- the part of the alimentary canal between the ileum and the rectum, where water is absorbed
- lipase
- an enzyme which digests fats
- cell sap
- a solution of sugars, amino acids and many other substances, found in the vacuoles of plant cells
- incisor
- a tooth at the front of a mammal's mouth, normally used for biting off pieces of food for chewing
- disaccharide
- a sugar made of molecules which consist of two monosaccharide units joined together
- cortex
- the part of a stem or root between and around the vascular bundles or stele
- diffusion
- the movement of particles of gas, solvent or solute, from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
- cilia
- small, hair-like structures which project from some cells, and perform waving movements in synchrony with each other.
- dialysis
- the separation of a mixture of dissolved solutes by diffusion through a partially permeable membrane
- fatty acids
- molecules which can combine with glycerol to make fats
- anaemia
- a disease caused by lack of haemoglobin, often because of a shortage of iron.
- sucrose
- a non-reducing disaccharide sugar
- vacuole
- an organelle containing a liquid, and surrounded by a membrane
- islets of Langerhans
- patches of cells in the pancreas which secrete insulin and glucagon
- mesophyll
- the central layers of a leaf, where photosynthesis takes place
- rectum
- the last part of the alimentary canal, in which faeces are formed before being egested through the anus
- chlorophyll
- a green pigment found in all plants and some bacteria and protoctists, which absorbs energy form the sunlight to be used in photosynthesis
- protease
- an enzyme that digests proteins
- glycogen
- a polysaccharide used as a storage substance in the cells of many animals and fungi; in humans, it is stored in liver and muscle cells
- palisade layer
- a layer of rectangular cells near the upper surface of a leaf, where most photosynthesis takes place
- faeces
- remains of indigestible food, bacteria, mucus etc., which are egested from the alimentary canal
- nitrifying bacteria
- bacteria which convert proteins and urea into nitrates
- haemoglobin
- a protein containing iron, found in red blood cells, which carries oxygen
- pollination
- the transfer of pollen from an anther to the stigma
- transpiration
- the loss of water vapor from a plant, mostly from the leaves
- pepsin
- an enzyme secreted by glands in the wall of the stomach, which digests proteins
- emulsification
- the breaking up of large droplets of fat into small ones
- lumen
- the space in the middle of a tube
- kwashiorkor
- a type of malnutrition caused by a lack of protein in the diet
- turgid
- a plant cell that contains plenty of water, so that the cytoplasm pushes outwards on the cell wall
- malnutrition
- a condition caused by eating an unbalanced diet, esp if the diet is badly lacking in one or more types of food
- amylase
- an enzyme which digest starch to maltose
- osmosis
- the diffusion of water molecules from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution, through a partially permeable membrane
- denitrifying bacteria
- bacteria which often live in damp soil, and which convert nitrates into nitrogen gas
- chyme
- a mixture of partly digested food, enzymes and hydrochloric acid, resulting from digestion in the stomach
- lamina
- the blade of a leaf
- plasmolysis
- shrinkage of the cytoplasm of a plant cell, so that the cell membrane begins to tear away from the cell wall; caused by loss of water
- heterotrophic
- using food made by other organisms; all animals are
- cuticle
- a waxy, waterproof covering, found on outer surfaces of a leaf
- vascular bundle
- a group of xylem and phloem tubes
- tropism
- a directional growth response by a plant to a stimulus