Intro Immuno
Terms
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- What is the function of the immune system?
- Prevent or limit infections
- What four microbes have evolved to exploit/grow in vertebrates?
- viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites
- Which bacterium is associated with gastric ulcers in the stomach?
- Heliobacter pylori
- What is the main system of the immune system? How is it divided?
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Lymphoid System
Primary and seconday lymphoid organs - What is the role of primary lymphoid organs in the immune response? The secondary lymphoid organs?
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Primary Lymphoid Organs: provide environment for the maturation of lymphocytes
Secondary Lymphoid Organs: trap antigens from defined tissues/vascular spaces - Where does the B cell engage an antigen? This leads to differentiation into plasma cells.
- Peripheral Lymphoid Tissue
- In the thymus, what does maturation of the T cell involve? What defines the stage of developement?
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Changes in the self surface molecules.
Stem/progenitor cell - What are the stages of T cell developement?
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Double negative T cell -->
Double Positive T cell (CD4/CD8) -->
Single Positive T cell (CD4 or CD8) - Where are the markers for T cells acquired?
- Primary Lymphoid Organs
- Where are the antigen binding receptors on the surface of the B cell acquired? What are they called?
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Acquired during development in primary lymphoid organs.
Receptor = antibody or immunoglobulin - What are the participating cells in the immune response?
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T cells
B cells
Natural Killer Cells
Accessory Cells - Which participating cells in the immune response ONLY respond to cell bound antigens?
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Helper T cells
Cytotoxic T cells - Which cells respond to cell free AND plasma membrane bound antigens?
- B cells
- What do Natural Killer Cells lack?
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T cell receptors
CD4 and CD8 receptors
SO NATURAL KILLER CELLS ARE NOT T CELLS - Describe Natrual Killer Cells
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1. Not a product of central lymphoid organs
2. lack CD4 and CD8 receptors
3. large lymphocytes -
List the accessory cells of the immune system
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Macrophages
Dendritic Cells
Effector Cells - Describe the Dendritic cells that are accessory cells of the immune system.
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Do not have specific markers
EX: follicular dendritic cells
Are not developed in the primary lymphoid organs - Which cells are the "business" accessory cells?
- The effector cells i.e. macrophages, CTLs, and neutrophils
- What is another term to describe acessory cells of the immune system?
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Antigen Presenting Cells
- MHC molecules
- does not involve the B cell receptor - Define Innate Immunity
- cells and molecules that distinguish host cells from cells of infectious agents
- Which immune response is the first to respond to an infection?
- Innate Immunity
- What distinguishes the cells of the innate immune response from those of the adaptive immune response?
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- independent of the infection
- due to developement of the immune system - Compare and Contrast Innate and Adaptive Immune System
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Innate Immune System:
- not acquired through contact with antigen
- non-specific
- does not improve after exposure to antigen
- no memory
Adaptive Immunity
- acquired through contact with antigen
- specific
- increases after exposure to antigen
- memory - What is the function of the adaptive immunity?
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- recognizes unlimited number of different targets
- becomes effective only after the delay after encountering a microbe - What is the function of the adaptive immune response?
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- involved in alarming and informing T cells that there is an issue
- communicate with lymphocytes
- learned from exposure to foreign material - List the Non-specific Host Defenses
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1. anatomic barriers i.e. skin and mucous membranes
2. physiological barriers i.e. temerature, pH, chemical mediators
3. Phagocytic/Endocytic barriers
4. Inflammatory barriers - What are the 3 groups of protiens important to the innate immune response?
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Complement Protein
Acute Phase Proteins
Interferons - Complement Protein
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-Serum Proteins
Activation leads to bio active substances and lysis of microbial/virus cells - Complement Proteins
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- serum proteins
- activation leads to bio active substances, lysis of microbial cells - Acute Phase Proteins
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- usually low levels in the serum
- products of liver
- examples: mannose-binding, C-reactive, serum amyloid protein P
- proteins can be induced: Il-1, Il-6, TNF, LPS - Interferons
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- antiviral proteins
- appear early in infection
- host-cell specific NOT virus specific - What is an important characteristic of Interferons?
- They are host-cell specific and are not virus-specific
- Host Cell Attraction
- Monocytes drawn to site of infection by chemical gradient
- Tissue damage leads to the formation.....
- complement products that act as opsonins, anaphylatoxins, and chemotactic agents
- Give examples of proteins induced by endothelial damage that mediate vascular changes.
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Bradykinin
Fibrinopeptides - What is the order of cells that migrate to tissues?
- Neutrophils, then monocytes, then lymphocytes
- What are toll-like receptors?
- Family of receptors involved in recognition of wide range of microbial molecules
- Where are toll-like receptors found?
- Dendritic cells and macrophages
- What does binding to the TLRs lead to the production of?
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inflammatory cytokines i.e. TNF-alpha and IL-12
these function to enhance the cells' anti-microbial killing mechanisms and antigen presenting capacity - What is the difference btw TLRs and TCRs/BCRs?
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These are pathogen recognition receptors that recognize broad structures
- What structure on the microbe is recognized by the TLRs?
- PAMP pathogen associated molecular motif
- What are the most important signs of inflammation?
- Rubor, Calor, Tumor, and Functio Laesa
- Define Calor
- Redness and heat due to increased blood flow to the area
- Define Tumor
- Swelling due to edema and influx of cells to the injured area
- What 4 things characterize the inflammatory response?
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Vasodilation
Vascular Permeability
Infulx of Phagocytes
Tissue Repair