A&P Chapter 19
Terms
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- What are the fluids that the cells of the body are serviced by?
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~Blood
~Interstitial Fluid - What is blood compsed of?
- Plasma and a variety of cells
- What does blood transport?
- Nutrients and wastes
- What does the interstitial fliud do?
- Bathes the cells of the body
- How does nutrients and oxygen get into the interstitial fluid and then into the cells?
- Diffusion
- How do wastes move?
- In the reverse direction
- Hemoatology is the study of what?
- Blood and blood disorders
- What are the functions of blood?
-
~Transportation
~Regulation - What does the blood transport?
-
~02
~C02
~Metabolic wastes
~Nutrients
~Heat
~Hormones - How does blood help regulate pH?
- Through buffers
- What does blood help regulate in regards to heat?
- Body temperature
- What does blood have for coolant?
- The coolant properties of water
- What dumps heat?
- Vasodilatation of surface vessels
- Blood helps regulate water content of cells by interations of what?
- Dissolved ions and proteins
- Name two differences between blood and water in regards to viscosity and flow rate.
- Blood is more viscous than water and flows more slowly than water
- What is the temperature of blood?
- 100.4 degrees F
- What is the normal pH of blood?
- 7.4 (7.35 - 7.45)
- What percentage of body weight is blood?
- 8%
- What is the normal blood volume in male and females?
-
~5 to 6 liters in an average male
~4 to 5 liters in an average female - What maintains constant blood volume and osmotic pressure?
- Hormonal negative feedback
- How is blood taken in venipuncture?
- Sample taken from median cubital vein with a hypodermic needle and syringe
- Why do you stick an artery?
-
~Less pressure
~Closer to surface - What is the common technique for diabetics to monitor daily blood sugar?
- Finger or heel stick
- How is blood taken in infants?
- Finger or heel stick
- What are the components of blood?
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~Plasma
~RBCs
~WBCs
~Platelets - How much of blood is plasma and how much is cells?
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~55% plasma
~45% cells - Name the different cells are there percentages?
-
~99% RBCs
~<1% WBCs and plasma - Blood plasma is mainly what?
- Over 90% water
- What percentage is plasma proteins in plasma?
- 7% plasma proteins
- Where is plasma created
- In the liver
- Where is the plasma confined to?
- Bloodstream
- What maintains blood osmotic pressure?
- Plasma
- Name the formed eements of blood.
-
~Red blood cells
~White blood cells - What are erythrocytes?
- Red blood cells
- What are leukocytes?
- White blood cells
- Name the granular leukocytes.
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~Neutrophils
~Eosinophils
~Basophils - Name the agranular leukocytes.
-
~Lymphocytes
~Monocytes - Name the lymphocytes.
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~T-cells
~B-Cells
~Natural Killer cells - What are special cell fragments?
- Platelets
- What is hematocrit?
-
~Blood sampling
~Percentage of blood occupied by cells - What is the normal range for Males and Females for hematocrit?
-
~Male: 40% - 54% (average 46%)
~Female: 38% - 46% (average 42%) - What is anemia?
- Not enough RBCs or not enough hemoglobin
- What does anemia cause?
- Fatigue due to a lack of oxygen
- What is polycythemia?
- Too many RBCs (over 65%)
- What causes polycythemia?
- Dehydration, tissue hypoxia, blood doping in athletes
- What is blood doping?
- Injecting previously stored RBC's before an athletic event
- How does blood doping work?
- There are more cells available to deliver oxygen to tissues
- What are the dangers associated with blood doping?
-
~Increases blood vicosity
~Forces heart to work harder - Who banned blood doping?
- Olympic committee
- How long to RBCs live?
- Die within hours, days or weeks
- What is continually being replaced?
- Most blood cell types
- The pricess of blood cell formation is what?
-
Hamatopoiesis or Hemopoiesis
(Occurs in the kidney) - In the embryo where does blood cell formation occur?
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~Yolk sac
~Liver
~Spleen
~Thymus
~Lymph nodes
~Red bone marrow - In an adult where does blood cell formation occur?
- Occurs only in red marrow of flat bones like sternum, ribs, skull, and pelvis and ends of long bones (sponge bones)
- What protein gives blood its red color?
- Hemoglobin
- What is hemoglobin?
- oxygen-carrying protein
- How much of the cell's weight is the hemoglobin?
- 1/3
- What is the shape and size of a red blood cell?
- Biconcave disk 8 microns in diameter
- What does the flexible shape allow for in the red blood rells?
- Passage through narrow passages
- What does the RBC not have?
- No nucleus or other organelles
- What can't the RBC do?
- No cell division or mitochondrial ATP formation
- What is the normal RBC count in males and females?
-
~Males: 5.4 million/drop
~Females: 4.8 million/drop - How many RBCs enter circulation per second?
- 2 million/second
- What does the globin protein contain?
- 4 polypeptide chains
- What is attached to each polypeptide chain?
- One heme pigment
- What does each heme contain?
- An iron ion (Fe+2) than can combine reversibly with one oxygen molecule
- How long does a RBC live?
- Only 120 days
- Why do RBCs wear out?
- From bending to fit through capillaries
- Why is repair not possible with the RBC?
- Due to the lack of organelles
- How are worn out cells removed?
- Fixed macrophages in spleen and liver
- What is recycled?
- Breakdown products
- What is tissue hypoxia?
- Cells not getting enough O2
- Where in the World can tissue hypoxia happen?
- High altitude since air has less O2
- What is the kidney response to hypoxia?
-
~Release erythropoietin
~Speeds up development of proerythroblasts into reticulocytes - What doe all WBCs have?
- A nucleus
- What do all WBCs not have?
- Hemoglobin
- What is granular or agranular classification based on?
- Presence of cytoplasmic granules made visible by staining
- Neutrophils make up how much of circulating WBCs?
- 60% - 70%
- Eosinophils make up how much of circulating WBCs?
- 2% - 4%
- Basophils make up how much of circulating WBCs?
- Less than 1%
- What do basophils look like?
- Large, dark purple, variable-sized granules stain with basic dyes
- What do the granules do to the basophils nucleus?
- Obscure the nucleus
- What does the basophils nuclei look like?
- Irregular, s-shaped, bilobed
- How big are the basophils?
- Diameter is 8 to 10 microns
- What does the eosinophils nucleus look like?
- Nucleus with 2 or 3 lobes connected by a thin strand
- What do the eosinophils granules look like?
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~Large, uniform-sized
~Stain orange-red with acidic dyes - What do the granules not do to the eosinophils?
- Obsure nucleus
- How big is an eosinophil?
- Diameter is 10 to 12 microns
- What does a lymphocyte nucleus look like?
- Dark, oval to round
- What is sky blue in color in the lympocyte?
- Cytoplasm
- What is the size of small and large lymphocytes?
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~Small: 6 - 9 microns in diameter
~Large: 10 - 14 microns in diameter - WHat increases in number during viral infections?
- Lymphocytes
- What percentage of circulating WBCs are lymphocytes?
- 20% - 25%
- What is the shape of the nucleus of the monocyte?
- Kidney or horse-shoe shaped
- What is the largest WBC in the circulating blood?
- Monocyte
- Where does the monocyte spend most of its time?
- Tissues (does not remain in blood long before migrating to the tissues)
- Where do wandering groups of monocytes gather?
- At sites of infection
- How big is a monocyte?
- Diameter is 12 - 20 microns
- What color is the cytoplasm in a monocyte?
- Foamy blue-gray
- What percentage is the monocyte in the circulating WBC?
- 3% to 8%
- WBC are what compared to RBC in numbers?
- Less numerous
- How many WBC are there in a single drop of blood
- 5,000 to 10,000 cells
- What is the ratio for WBC to RBC
- 1 WBC for every 700 RBC
- What leukocytosis?
- A high white blood cell count
- What causes leukocytosis?
- Microbes, strenuous exercise, anesthesia or surgery
- What is leukopenia?
- Low white blood cell count
- What causes leukopenia?
- Radiation, shock or chemotherapy
- How much to WBC population is in curculating blood at any given time?
- Only 2% of total WBC population
- Where is 98% of the WBC population?
- In the lymphatic fluid, skin, lungs, lymph nodes, and spleen
- What do WBCs roll along?
- Endothelium
- What do WBCs do in the endothelium?
- Stick to it and squeeze between cells
- What helps WBCs to stick to endothelium?
- Adhesion molecules (selectins)
- What do neutrophils and macrophages phagocytize?
- Bacteria and debris
- Which WBC has the fastest response to bacteria?
- Neutrophil
- Neutrophils have direct actions against what?
- Bacteria
- What to neutrophils release which destroy/digest bacteria?
- Lysozymes
- What protein does neutrophils release?
- Defensin proteins
- What do defensin proteins do?
- act like antibiotics and poke holes in bacterial cell walls destroying them
- What are bleach like strong chemicals that destroy bacteria and released by neutrophils?
- Strong oxidants
- Explain the response of the monocyte.
- Take long to get to site of infection, but arrive in larger numbers
- What do monocytes do?
- Destroy microbes and clean up dead tissue following an infection
- What are basophils involved in?
- Inflammatory and allergy reactions
- How do basophils get to the site?
- Leave capillaries and ener connective tissue as mast cells
- What do basophils release?
- Heparin, histamine and serotonin
- What do basophils do?
- Heighten the inflammatory response and account for hypersensitivity reaction
- How do eosinophils get to a site?
- Leave capillaries to ener tissue fluid
- What does eosinophil release?
- Histaminase
- What does the enzyme histaminase do?
- Breaks down histamine
- What do eosinophils attack?
- Parasitic worms
- What does the eosinophil slow down?
- Slows down inflammation caused by basophils
- What do the eosinophils phagocytize?
- Antibody-anitgen complexes
- What do the B-cells destroy?
- Bacteria and their toxins
- What do B-cells turn into?
- Turn into plasma cells that produce antibodies
- What do T-cells do?
- Attack viruses, fungi, transplanted organs, cancer cells, and some bacteria
- What cells are memory cells for all the diseases that we have ever had?
- B-cells and T-cells
- What do natural killer cells attack?
- Attack many different microbes and some tumor cells
- Natural killer cells destroy foreign invaders by what?
- Direct attack
- What is the differential WBC count?
- Dection of changes in numbers of circulating WBCs (percentages of each type)
- What does the DWBC indicate?
- Infection, poisoning, leukemia, chemotherapy, parasites or allergy reaction
- If the neutrophil count is up what does that indicate?
- Bacterial Infection
- If the lymphocyte count is up what does that indicate?
- Viral Infection
- If the monocyte count is up what does that indicate?
- Fungal or viral infection
- If the eosinophil count is up what does that indicate?
- Parasite or allergy reaction
- If the basophil count is up what does that indicate?
- Allergy reaction or hypothyriod
- What is a bone marrow transplant?
- Intravenous transfer of healthy bone marrow
- How is sick bone marrow destroyed?
- With radiation and chemotherapy
- How is the donor matched?
- Donor matches surface antigen on WBC
- How is reseeding of bone marrow done?
- Samples of donor marrow are put into the patient's vein
- What does success depend on in bone marrow transplants?
- Histocompatibility of donor and recipient
- Bone marrow is used in the treatment of what?
- Leukemia, sickle-cell, breast ovarian or testicular cancer, lymphoma, or aplastic anemia
- What is the shape and size of a platelet?
- Disc-shaped, 2-4 micron cell fragment with no nucleus
- What is the normal platelet count in a drop of blood?
- 150,000-400,000 per drop of blood
- Where are the platlets formed?
- In the bone marrow
- What is the life span of platlets?
- 5 to 9 days in the bloodstream
- How are aged platlets removed?
- Removed by fixed macrophages in liver and spleen
- What does a CBC screen for?
- Anemia and infection
- What is invalved in a CBC?
- Total RBC, WBC and platlets counts, differential WBC, hematocrit and hemoglobin measurements
- What is the normal hemoglobin range?
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~Infants: 14 to 20g/100mL of blood
~Adult Females:12 to 16g/100mL of blood
~Adult Males:13.5 to 18g/100mL of blood - What is hemostasis?
- stoppage of bleeding in a quick and localized fashion when blood vesels are damaged
- What does hemostasis prevent?
- Hemorrhage