Dymond Biology II 2

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What is a disease causing agent such as a virus, bacteria, fungi, or protist?: Pathogen
What does the 1st line of nonspecific defenses not target?: a specific pathogen
What are four areas of defense in the bodies first line of defense?: 1. skin
2. mucus membranes
3. cilia
4. hair in nostrils, ears, eyelashes
What does the lysozyme enzyme in tears do to aide in the first line of defense?: digests bacteria cell wall whcih breaks down bacteria
What is the function of skin oil, sweat, acidic, lysozyme enzyme in the first line of nonspecific defense?: digests bacteria cell wall
What are sticky viscous fluid that lines the membrane of the disgestive system, nasal passages, lungs, trachea, and bronchi, and reproductive tract?: mucus membranes
What are tiny hair-like structures lining the respiratory tract?: Cilia
How do cilia help in the bodies defense against pathogens?: Cilia sweep mucus toward the esophogus where it can be swallowed.
What are 5 defenses in the bodies 2nd line of nonspecific defenses?: 1.Inflamatory response
2.Injured cells release
3.Temperature Response
4. Proteins
5.White Blood Cells
What do injured cells release?: Histamine
How do injured cells fight pathogens?: Injured cells release Histamine which causes blood vessels to dilate and increases blood flow
-this brings more white blood cells and causes selling and redness
-may create pus, containing dead pathogens/white blood cells
What is a white liquid at the area of injury containing dead pathogens & white blood cells?: pus
How does Temperature Response help in the 2nd line of nonspecific defenses?: fever creates an environment in whcih bacteria don not grow as favorably
What is a normal fever temperature?: 37 C and 99 F
What is a dangerous temperature?: 103 F
What is a lethal temperature?: 105 F
About how many different proteins circulate in the blood?: 20
How do proteins in the blood fight pathogens?: they attach to a pathogen
What is a type of protein which is highly effective at killing viruses?: INTERFERON
How do some proteins create a "Mac Attack" when attacking pathogens?: Creates a membrane attack complex which punch holes in the cells of pathogens.
What is the most abundant type of white blood cells?: neutrophils
What kind of White blood cells are the best defense against cancer cells and cells infected with viruses?: Natural killer cells
What are large White blood cells (wbc) that attack cells infected with pathogens?: natural killer cells
What type of white blood cells ingest and kill pathogens and clear dead cells from body?: macrophages
type of white blood cell that travel in blood?: macrophages
What is a wbc that engulfs and destroys pathogens?: neutrophils
What is the 3rd line of defense?: Specific Response
What are types of Specific Responses?: Antigen Response

White Blood cells produced in the bone marrow
What is a pathogen which has proteins on the surface of the cell?: antigens
What are the proteins in wbc that "recognize" antigens on the surface of the cell?: receptor proteins
Where are White blood cells produced?: in bone marrow
Where do white blood cells circulate?: in the blood and lymphatic fluid
About how many wbc circulate at any one time?: about 2 trillion
Why do doctors often test your wbc?: WBC Count can determine if you have an infection
What are five kinds of wbc?: 1. macrophage
2. cytoxic T Cell
3. B cells
4. helper T Cells
5. plasma cells
What is the first reaction when a virus or bacteria enters the body?: macrophages engulf or surround and show the antigen on their surface
Inflammatory response is what line of defense?: 2nd line of defense
Temperature response is what line of defense?: 2nd line of defense
Interferons would be found in what line of defense?: 2nd line of defense
Some 20 different proteins create a "Mac Attack which is what line of defense?: 2nd line of defense
Injured Cells release Histamine and white blood cells causing redness and pus may be created, would be what line of defense?: 2nd line of defense
Mucus membranes in the nasal passages, skin, and cilia sweeping mucus toward the esophagus is in what line of defense?: 1st line of defense
Neutrophils, macrophages, and natural killer cells would be found in what line of defense?: 2nd line of defense
An antigen response would be found in what line of defense?: 3rd line of defense
In the 2nd line of defense injured cells release Histamine which results in what?: increase blood flow
What do B cells do?: They label invaders for later destruction.
What do Helper T cells do?: They activate B Cells.
What do macrophages do?: They consume infected cells and pathogens.
What do Natural Killers cells do?: They are the best line of defense against cancer cells.
What do Cytotoxic T cells do?: They kill infected cells
What is the purpose of antibodies?: To mark a pathogen for destruction
What are 3 ways to prevent you from from being exposed to pathogens?: 1. Cooking Food (killing bacteria such as E. Coli)
2. Cleaning utensils and preparation area.
3. Washing hands
What happens to some B & T cells after a primary immune response?: They become "memory cells" and continue to patrol the body.
What is a communicable disease?: Spread by air or on a surface
spread by
kissing shaking hands, sexual contact
a contagious disease
What would an IMMUNOLOGIST study?: How diseases are spread in a community
What provides permanent immunity against a disease?: A vaccine
There is a useful vaccine for all of the following except one. Which one does not have a vaccine that can prevent the disease? Chicken Pox, measles, HIV, Polio: HIV
What must happen in order for HIV to enter a cell?: It must attach to two protein receptor sites.
What type of antibodies do you produce if you have blood type A?: B antibodies
What is the blood type that can be given to anyone?: Type O
Who produced the first successful vaccine for polio in the late 1950's?: Salk
How are Rabies spread?: blood and bites
How is E-Coli spread?: food
Water
cows
How is West Nile Virus Spread?: mosquitoes
How many strains of HIV are there?: 3
How many subtypes of HIV are there: 5
What does it mean when a drug or vaccine says it has a "overall efficacy of ____%"?: it means that it is able to ro protect from infection that _given % of the time
Once infected by disease some people are never infected again. Why does this occur?: After a person is infected, the body makes antibodies. These antibodies will prevent further disease.

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Number of cards 68