Biology II Lab
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- Plants undergo alternation of generations. T/F
- True
- Plants contain this for producing energy
- Chloroplasts
- What does an organism do if it undergoes alternation of generations?
- They have a diploid sporophyte, which produces spores, followed by a haploid gametophyte, which produces gametes.
- There are close to ____ different species of plants.
- 300,000
- Plant classification is based mostly on what?
- Their degree of independence from water for reproduction and the stage (generation) that dominates most of their life cycle.
- Most plant chloroplasts are structured in this way
- Thylakoid membranes in stacks called grana, containing chlorophyll A and B.
- Plant storage sugar
- Starch
- Plant cell walls contain this
- Cellulose
- Plant cells multiply by this method
- Cytoplasmic division by cell plate formation
- Phragmoplast
- Forming in late cytokinesis, it is the beginning of the cell plate formation
-
Liverworts
Classify - D. Hepaticophyta
-
Mosses
Classify - D. Bryophyta
-
Hornworts
Classify - D. Anthocerophyta
- Non-vascular (Avascular) plants inhabit these areas
- Wetlands, marshes and other moist environments
- There are ____ known species of avascular plants
- 35,000
- The sporophyte stage of avascular plants is _____ and dependent on the _____ for its nutritional needs.
- reduced, gametophyte
- Avascular plants reproduce this way
- asexual reproduction by fragmentation and spore dispersal
- Sexual reproduction in bryophytes requires what? Why?
- Water, so the flagellated sperm cell can swim successfully to the female reproductive organ and fertilize the egg.
- Seedless vascular plants are characterized by
- A large independent sporophyte, which is commonly visible. The gametophyte, while photosynthetic, is almost microscopic.
-
Ferns
Classify - D. Pterophyta
-
Horsetails
Classify - D. Sphenophyta
- Gametangium
- Organ or cell in which gametes are produced
- Antheridium
- Structure or organ of the gametophyte phase of certain plants which produce and contain spermatids or male gametes. Present in lower plants such as mosses and ferns.
- Sporangium
- Plant/fungal structure producing and containing spores. Occur in angiosperms, gymnosperms, ferns, mosses, algae and fungi.
- Archegonium
- Multicellular structure or organ in the gametophyte phase of certain plants producing and containing the ovum of the female gamete. Has a long neck and swollen base.
- These plants present overwhelming dominance of the sporophyte stage throughout their life cycles.
- Seeded vascular plants
- These plants show independence from water for reproduction
- Seeded vascular plants
- These plants sperm is not flagellated
- Seeded vascular plants
- Seeded vascular plants are divided into two major groups called
- Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
- Angiosperms have more than ____ species
- 250,000
- These vascular plants have flowers
- Angiosperms
- These vascular plants have no flowers
- Gymnosperms
- Cotyledon
- Part of the embryo within the seed of a plant which usually becomes the first leaves of a seedling. Used to classify angiosperms by number of cotyledons, monocots (one) or dicots (two)
- Animals are divided into these major groups
- Vertebrates, Invertebrates
- These animals have an endoskeleton of cartilage or bone
- Vertebrates
- Animals are classified with these general traits
-
-Levels of organization in adults
-Body symmetry in adult or
larvae
-Patterns of alimentary
canal development
-Number of germ layers
-Presense/Absence of body
cavity
-Skeletal structures - Simplest organisms within the Kingdom Animalia are
- Porifera and Cnidaria
- These Animalia organisms exhibit limited tissue development and almost no organ organization
- Porifera and Cnidaria
- Members of Phylum _____ show well developed reproductive systems typical of parasitic species.
- Platyhelminthes
- This phylum contains sessile aquatic filter feeders without a distinct digestive system
- Phylum porifera
- These have asymmetric bodies made of a porous cell mass surrounding a hollow cavity called the spongocoel.
- Porifera
- Spongocoel
- hollow cavity found in porifera
- Water drawn into the pores of porifera by these
- choanocytes
- Choanocytes also known as
- collar cells
- In porifera, water leaves from the spongocoel through a large opening called ____ near the ____ end of the body.
- osculum, superior
- Body walls of porifera are supported by
- A skeleton of calcium carbonate crystals, silica spicules, or spongin (protein) fibers.
- There are approximately ____ species of described Porifera (sponges).
- 9000
- This phylum is characterized by radial symmetry and the presence of only two well-defined layers: an outer epidermis and an inner gastrodermis.
- Cnidaria
- Cnidaria are characterized by
- Radial symmetry and two well-defined layers: an outer epidermis and an inner gastrodermis
- Mesoglea
- The non-cellular, jelly like region between the epidermis and gastrodermis of Cnideria
- There are more than ____ known species in Phylum Cnidaria.
- 10,000
- Cnidocytes
- Stinging cells found in Cnidaria
- Planula
- Mobile larval stage of Cnidaria
- Cnidaria have two adult stages. Describe them
-
Sessile polyp
Swimming medusa - Describe the digestive system of Cnidaria
- Has only one opening which acts as both a mouth and an anus
- In some cases this phylum has developed a rudimentary neuromuscular system for the first time among animals
- Cnidaria
- Cnidaria reproduce by
- Sexual reproduction and asexual budding
- Platyhelminthes have what kind of symmetry?
- Bilateral
- Platyhelminthes have what types of tissue layers
- endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm
- Describe the Platyhelminthes digestive system
- One sole opening, pharynx, which connects to a very well partitioned gastrovascular cavity.
- Platyhelminthes have more than ____ different species.
- 20,000
- What forms are Platyhelminthes seperated into?
- Terrestial, aquatic, parasitic
- Describe the life cycle of a parasitic Platyhelminthes as far as its hosts.
- Parasitic Platyhelminthes will go through several intermediary hosts before successful infection of the final host.
- These phylum of worms is mostly parasitic.
- Phylum Nematoda
-
Define pseudocoelomate
Which phylum is described by this? -
body cavity present, but not lined with the mesoderm.
Nematoda - What kind of symmetry do Nematoda have?
- Bilateral symmetry
- What kind of digestive system do Nematoda have?
- Tube inside the body with a mouth and anus at opposite ends.
- What kind of reproduction do Nematoda have?
- Mostly sexual
- Nematoda have more than ____ species.
- 90,000
- Non-segmented roundworms are part of this Phylum
- Nematoda
- Non-segmented flatworms are part of this Phylum
- Platyhelminthes
- Jellyfish and allies are part of this Phylum
- Cnidaria
- Sponges are part of this Phylum
- Porifera
- Phylum Mollusca contains these organisms
-
elephant-tusks
chitons
clams
snails
octopuses - What kind of symmetry are Mollusca
- Bilateral Symmetry
- The body of Mollusca are divided into these major regions.
- Head, mantle, foot, visceral mass
- Many species of the Phylum ____ secrete a calcareous shell from the ____ as exoskeleton.
- Mollusca, mantle
- Most organisms in Phylum ____ have an open circulatory system with a three chambered heart.
- Mollusca
- In Mollusca, there is an oxygen carrying pigment called _____ which circulates in their _____.
- hemocyanin, hemolymph
- Mollusca mostly inhabit what kind of environment
- aquatic
- Elephant-tusks are part of this Phylum.
- Mollusca
- Chitons are part of this Phylum.
- Mollusca
- Clams are part of this Phylum.
- Mollusca
- Snails are part of this Phylum.
- Mollusca
- Octopuses are part of this Phylum.
- Mollusca
- Segmented worms are part of this Phylum
- Annelida
- Annelida have this type of symmetry
- Bilateral
- The structure of Annelida is
- A true coelom lined by mesodermic tissue, which holds a variety of well-developed organs in suspension and works as a hydrostatic endoskeleton.
- How are Annelida classified?
-
-Presence of locomotion structures such as parapodia and seta
-Degree of cephalization
-Life style - Annelids live in this kind of habitat.
- Mostly aquatic although some live in damp soils
- Hermaphroditic individuals are common in this Phylum.
- Annelids
- What genus are jellyfish?
- Gonionemus sp.
- What genus are corals?
- Gorgonia sp.
- What genus are flatworms?
- Planaria sp.
- What genus are man-o-war?
- Physalia sp.
- What genus are sponges?
- Grantia sp.
- What genus are liver fluke?
- Fasciola sp.
- What genus are tapeworms?
- Taenia sp.
- What genus are roundworms?
- Ascaris sp.
- What genus are squid?
- Loligo sp.
- What genus are clams?
- Mercenaria sp.
- What genus are sandworms?
- Nereis sp.
- What genus are earthworms?
- Lumbricus sp.
- What genus are leeches?
- Hirudo sp.
- What phylum is Marchantia sp. part of?
- D. Hepaticophyta (Liverworts)
- What phylum is Mnium sp. part of?
- D. Bryophyta (Mosses)