Science Notecards 2
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- What are the characteristics of seed plants?
- seed plants share two important characteristics; they have vascular tissue and they use pollen and seeds to reproduce
- phloem
- the vascular tissue through which food moves in some plants
- xylem
- the vascular tissue through which water and nutrients move in some plants
- pollen
- tiny particles(male gametophytes)produced by seed plants that contain the vells that later become sperm cells
- seed
- the plant structure that contains a youn plant inside a protective covering
- How do seeds become new plants?
- inside a seed is a partially developed plant; if a seed lands in an area where conditions are favorable, the plant sprouts out of the seed and begins to grow
- embryo
- the young organism that develops from a zygote
- cotyledons
- a seed leaf; sometimes stores food
- germinarion
- the sprouting of the embryo out of a seed; occurs when the embryo resumes its growth
- What are roots?
- roots anchor a plant in the ground, absorb water and minerals from the soil, and sometimes store food
- root cap
- a structure that covers the tip of a root, protecting the root from injury
- What are stems?
- the stem carries substances between the plant's roots and leaves; the stem also provides support for the plant and holds up the leaves so they are exposed to the sun
- cambium
- a layer of cells in a plant that produces new phlooem and xylem cells
- What are leaves?
- leaves capture the sun's energy and carry out the food-making process of photosynthesis
- stomata
- the small openings on the surfaces of most leaves through which gases can move
- transpiration
- the process by which water is lost through a plant's leaves
- gymnosperm
- a plant that produces seeds that are not enclosed by a protective fruit
- What are gymnosperms?
- every gymnosperm produces naked seeds; in addition, many gymnosperms have needle-like or scale like leaves, and deep-growing root systems
- ovule
- a plant structure in seed plants that produces the female gametophyte; contains an egg cell
- What are the steps for reproduction in gymnosperms?
- first, pollen falls from a male cone onto a female cone; in time, a perm cell and an egg cell join together in an ovule on the female cone
- pollination
- the transfer of pollen from male reproductive structures to femal reproducive structures in plants
- How do we use gymnosperms in everyday life?
- paper and other products, such as the lumber used to build homes, come from conifers
- angiosperms
- a flowering plant that produces seeds enclosed in a protective structure
- What are the two characteristics that angiosperms have?
- all angiosperms, or flowering plants, share two important characteristics; first, they produce flower; second, in contrast to gymnosperms, which produce uncovered seeds, angiosperms produce seeds that are enclosed in fruits
- What is the structure of flowers?
- flowers come in all sorts of shapes, sizes, and colors; but, despite their differences, all flowers have the same function- reproduction
- flower
- the reproductive structure of an angiosperm
- sepals
- a leaflike structure that encloses the but of a flower
- petals
- a colorful, leaflike structure of some flowers
- stamens
- the male reproductive part of a flower
- pistils
- the female reproductive part of a flower
- ovary
- a flower structure that encloses and protects ovules and seeds as they develop
- What are the steps to the reproduction of an angiosperm?
- first, pollen falls on a flower's stigma; in time, the sperm cell and egg cell join together in the flower's ovule; the zygote developes into the embryo part of the seed
- fruit
- the ripened ovary and other structures of an angiosperm that enclose one or more seeds
- What are the types of angiosperms?
- angiosperms are divided into two major groups: monocots and dicots
- monocots
- an angiosperm that has only on seed leaf
- dicots
- an angiosperm that has two seed leaves
- tropism
- the growth response of a plant toward or away from a stimulus
- What are examples of tropisms?
- touch, light, and gravity are three important stimuli to which plants show growth responses, or tropisms
- hormone
- a chemical that affects growth and developement
- auxin
- a plant hormone that speeds up the rate of growth of plant cells
- What encironmental factor triggers a plant to flower?
- the amount of darkness a plant receives determines the time of flowering in many plants
- photoperiodism
- a plant's response to seasonal changes in length of night and day
- short-day plants
- a plant that flowers when the nights are longer than the plant's critical night length
- long-day plants
- a plant that flowers when the nights are shorter than the plant's critical night length
- critical night length
- the number of hours of darkness that determines whether or not a plant will flower
- perennials
- a flowering plant that lives for more than two years
- day-neutral plants
- a plant with a flowering cycle that is not sensitive to periods of light and dark
- dormancy
- a period when an organism's growth or activity stops
- precision farming
- a farming method in which farmersz use echnolog to fine-tune the amount of wtaer and fertilizer they use to march the requirements of a specific field
- What does dormancy do?
- dormancy helps plants survive freexing temperatures and the lack of liquid water
- What are the life span of angiosperm?
- angiosperms are classified as annuals, biennials, or perennials based on the length of their life cycles
- hydroponics
- a farming method in which plants are grown in solutions of nutrients instead of soil
- biennials
- a flowering plant that completes its life cycle in two years
- genetic engineering
- the process of altering an organism's genetic material to produce an organism with qualities that people find useful
- What are scientists using genetic engineering for?
- scientists are using genetic engineering to produce plants that can grow in a wider range of climates; they are also engineering plants to be more resistant to damage from insects
- How does precision farming benefit?
- precision can benefit farmers by saving time and money; it also increases crop yields by helping farmers maintain ideal conditions in all fields
- What does hydroponics allow people to do?
- hydroponics allows people to grow crops in areas with poor soil to help feed a growing population
- cone
- the reproductive structure of a gymnosperm