Science Final Exam
Terms
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- epicenter
- point on earth's surface directly above the focus of the earthquake
- coral reef
- structure of calcite skeletons built up by coral animals in warm shallow ocean water
- inner core
- dense sphere of solid iron and nickel at the center of the earth
- abrasion
- grinding away of rock by other rock particles carries in water ice or wind
- clastic rock
- sedimentary rock that forms when rock fragments a squeezed together under high pressure
- sediment
- small solid pieces of material that come from rocks or organisms; earth materials deposited by erosion
- immigration
- moving in to a population
- intrusive rock
- igneous rock that forms form magma inside the earth
- plate tectonics
- theory that pieces of the earth's lithosphere are in a constant movement driven by convection currents in the mantel
- extinct
- volcano that is no longer active and unlikely to erupt in the future
- P wave
- type of seismic wave that compress and expands the ground; first to arrive
- L wave
- surface wave; siesmic wave that forms when P and S wavs hit earth's surface; ost dangerous
- pistil
- female reproductive organ of a flower
- lava
- liquid magma that reaches the surface or the hardened magma
- volcano
- a weak spot in the earth's crust wheremagma has come to the surface
- the five branches of earth science
- geology, oceanography, meteorology, astronomy, and environmental science
- competition
- struggle between organisms as they attempt to use the same limited resource
- silica
- material found in magma that is formed form the elements oxygen and silicon
- vascular tissue
- internal transporting tissue in some plant made up of tubelike structures
- transpiration
- process in which water is lost in the leaves of a plant
- adaptations
- behavioral or physical characteristic that allows an organism to survive or reproduce in it's environment
- basalt
- dark, dense igneous rock that if found in oceanic crust
- silica
- material found in magma that id formed from oxegen and silicon
- grains
- particles of minerals and other rocks that give a rock it's texture
- natural selection
- process by which individuals that are better adapted to the environment will live longer and reproduce more that the others in that species
- granite
- usually light colored igneous rock that is found in the continental crust
- intrusive rock
- igneous rock that forms form magma inside the earth
- producer
- an organism that can make it's own food
- foliated
- term used to describe metamorphic rocks that have grains arranged in parallel layers or bands
- asthenosphere
- soft layer of mantle of which the lithosphere floats
- foliated
- term used to describe metamorphic rocks that have grains arranged in parallel layers or bands
- plankton
- small organisms moved by the current
- rhizoid
- thin root like structure that anchors moss and absorbs water/nutrients
- mechanical weathering
- type of weathering in which rock is physically broken in to smaller pieces
- lava flow
- area covered by lava as it leaves the vent
- rock cycle
- series of process on the surface and inside the earth that slowly changes rock from one kind to another
- magma chamber
- pocket beneath volcano where magma collects
- ecosystem
- community of organisms that live in a particular area along with their non living surroundings
- population density
- number of specific animals in a specific amount of time
- natural resource
- anything in the environment that humans use
- aftershock
- earthquake that occurs after a larger earthquake in the same area
- sporophyte
- stage in life cycle of a plant where the plant reproduces with spores
- convection
- transfer of thermal energy by the movement of a fluid
- compaction
- process by which sediments are pressed together under their own weight
- estuary
- a nursery for small fish and plankton formed in brackish water
- caldera
- large hole at the top of a volcano formed when the roof of a volcano's magma chamber collapses
- mutualism
- type of symbiosis in which both organisms gain
- root cap
- dead cells on the outside tip of a root to protect it
- ovule
- structure that contains the egg cell
- extrusive rock
- igneous rock that forms from lava on earth's surface
- cementation
- process by which dissolved minerals crystalize and glue particles of sediment together in to one mass
- S wave
- second to arrive; moves ground up and down side to side
- moment magnitude scale
- scale rating earthquakes by an earthquake's magnitude
- scavenger
- carnivore that feeds on that bodies of dead animals
- tension
- stress that stresses rock so that it become thinned in the middle; like pulling gum on a hot day
- petal
- colorful, leaf like structure of some flowers
- clastic rock
- sedimentary rock that forms when rock fragments a squeezed together under high pressure
- dormant
- volcano that is not currently active but may become active in the future
- succession
- series of predictable changes that occur in a community over a period of time
- sepal
- leaf like structure that protects the bud of a flower
- cuticle
- waxy outer covering that protects the leaves
- species
- group of organisms that are physically similar and can mate with each other producing offspring that can then mate
- organic rock
- sedimentary rock that forms from remains of organisms deposited in thick layers
- ice wedging
- process that splits rock when water seeps into rock freezes and expands
- seed
- plant structure that contain a young plant inside a protective outer covering
- granite
- usually light colored igneous rock found in the continental crust
- birth rate
- number of births in a population in a certain amount of time
- coral reef
- structure of calcite skeletons built up by coral animals in warm shallow ocean water
- sea floor spreading
- process by which molten material adds new oceanic crust to the ocean floor
- convection currents
- movement of a fluid caused by the difference in temperatures that transfers haet from one part of a substance to another
- contour planting
- plowing field along the curve of a slope to prevent soil loss
- hanging wall
- block of rock that forms at the upper half of a fault
- magma
- molten mixture of rock forming substances gasses and water from the mantle
- igneous rock
- type of rock that forms from the cooling of molten rock at or below the surface
- decomposer
- organism that breaks down chemical wastes and dead organisms and returns important materials to the soil and water
- continental drift
- Wegener's idea that the continents slowly moved over earth's surface
- pollination
- transfer if pollen from the male reproductive structure to female in plants
- flower
- reproductive structure of an angiosperm
- organic rock
- sedimentary rock that forms from remains of organisms deposited in thick layers
- metamorphic rock
- type of rock that forms from an existing rock that is changed by heat pressure or chemical reactions
- base-isolated building
- building mounted on bearings designed to absorb the energy of an earthquake
- crop rotation
- planting of different crops in a field each year to maintain soil's fertility
- pressure
- force exerted on a surface divided by the total area over which force is exerted
- vent
- opening through which molten rock and gas leave the volcano
- community
- all the different populations that live together in an area
- chemical rock
- sedimentary rock that forms when minerals crystalize from a solution
- gametophyte
- stage in life cycle of a plant where the plant reproduces with egg and sperm
- pyroclastic flow
- explosion of ash cinders bombs and gasses during an explosive volcanic erruption
- metamorphic rock
- type of rock that forms from an existing rock that is changed by heat pressure or chemical reactions
- deposition
- process in which sediment is laid down in new locations
- chemical weathering
- process that breaks down rock through chemical changes
- pioneer species
- first species to populate an area
- density
- amount of mass of a substance in a given volume; mass per unit volume
- rock-forming mineral
- common minerals that make up most of the rocks in earth's crust
- basalt
- dark dense igneous rock with a fine texture found in oceanic crust
- rock-forming mineral
- common minerals that make up most of the rocks in earth's crust
- oxidation
- chemical change in a substance combines with oxygen (iron-> rust)
- radiation
- direct transfer of energy through space by electromagnetic waves
- compaction
- process by which sediments are pressed together under their own weight
- deep ocean trench
- deep valley along the ocean floor beneath which oceanic crust slowly sinks towards the mantel
- zygote
- fertilized egg produced by the joining of sperm and egg
- viscosity
- a liquids resistance to flowing
- shield volcano
- wide gently sloping mountain made of layers of lava formed by quiet erruptions
- sedimentary rock
- type of rock that forms when particles from other rocks or the remains of other dead plants and animals pressed together and cemented
- erosion
- process by which water, wind, ice, or gravity moves weathered rocks or soil
- seismic waves
- vibrations that travel through the earth carrying the energy released during an earthquake
- aa
- slow moving lava that hardens to form rough chunks
- earthquake
- shaking that results from the movement of rock beneath earth's surface
- igneous rock
- type of rock that forms from the cooling of molten rock at or below the surface
- commensalism
- type of symbiosis in which one organism gains and the other is neither helped or harmed
- herbivore
- consumer that eats only plants
- parasitism
- relationship in which one organism lives on or in a host and harms it
- erosion
- process by which water, wind, ice, or gravity moves weathered rocks or soil
- phytoplankton
- plant plankton
- sonar
- device that determines the distance of underwater objects by recording echos of sound waves
- carnivore
- consumer that eats only animals
- seismograph
- device that records ground movements caused by seismic waves as they move they move through the earth
- angiosperm
- plant that produces seeds protected by a fruit
- emigration
- moving out of a population
- tsunami
- giant wave usually caused by an earthquake beneath the ocean floor
- deposition
- process in which sediment is laid down in new locations
- syncline
- downward fold in rock formed by compression in earth's crust
- cinder cone volcano
- steep cone shaped hill or small mt. made of volcanic ash cinders and bombs piled up around the volcano's opening
- phloem
- vascular tissue that transports the food down
- rock cycle
- series of process on the surface and inside the earth that slowly changes rock from one kind to another
- mid-ocean ridge
- under sea mountain chain where new ocean floor is produced
- stamen
- male reproductive parts of a flower
- prey
- organism killed and eaten by the predator in predation
- fault
- break or crack in the earth's lithosphere along which the rocks move
- grains
- particles of minerals and other rocks that give a rock it's texture
- abiotic factor
- non-living part of an organism's habitat
- sedimentary rock
- type of rock that forms when particles from other rocks or the remains of other dead plants and animals pressed together and cemented
- anticline
- upward fold in rock formed by compression in earth's crust
- shearing
- stress that pushes masses of rock in the opposite directions in a sideways motion
- photosynthesis
- process in which some organisms use water along with sunlight and water and carbon dioxide to make their own food
- sod
- thick mass of grass roots and soil
- xylem
- vascular tissue that transports water up
- non vascular plant
- plant lacking vascular tissue, short
- salinity
- amount of salt water in a solution
- food chain
- series of events in which one organism eats a another and obtains energy
- sediment
- small solid pieces of material that come from rocks or organisms; earth materials deposited by erosion
- food web
- pattern of overlapping food chains in an ecosystem
- subduction
- process by which oceanic crust sinks beneath a deep ocean trench and back in to the mantel at a convergent plate boundary
- Ring of Fire
- major belt of volcanoes that rims the pacific ocean
- symbiosis
- a close relationship between two organisms where at least one gains
- turbidity
- how far you can see in to the water or the murkiness of the water
- convergent boundary
- plate boundary where two plates move together
- lithosphere
- rigid layer made up of the uppermost part of the mantle and crust
- estimate
- approximation of a number based on reasonable assumptions
- embryo
- young organism that develops from a zygote
- limiting factors
- environmental factor that prevents a population from increasing
- texture
- look and feel of a rock's surface determined by the size shape and pattern of a rock's grains
- fruit
- ripened ovary and other structures of an angiosperm that incloses one or more seeds
- basalt
- dark, dense igneous rock that if found in oceanic crust
- pipe
- long tube through which magma moves from the magma chamber to the surface
- germination
- sprouting of an embryo from a seed when the embryo resumes growth
- ovary
- flower structure that encloses and protects the ovules as they develop
- rift valley
- deep valley that forms when two plates move apart (divergent boundaries)
- conduction
- direct transfer of thermal energy from one substance to another by touching
- energy pyramid
- diagram that shows the amount of energy that moves from one feeding level to another in a food web
- outer core
- layer of molten iron and nickel that surrounds the inner core of the earth
- mantle
- layer of hot solid material between earth's crust and core
- predator
- organism that does the killing in predation
- population
- all the members of a particular species in a particular area
- geothermal activity
- heating of underground water by magma
- Alfred Wegener
- scientist who had a hypothesis that all the continents were once joined together in a single land mass and have since drifted apart with continental drift
- vascular plant
- plant with true vascular tissue
- liquefacation
- process by which an earthquakes violent movement suddenly turns loose soil in to liquid mud
- niche
- pole of an organism in it's habitat or how it makes a living
- chemical rock
- sedimentary rock that forms when minerals crystalize from a solution
- focus
- point beneath earth's surface where rock breaks under stress and causes and earthquake
- zooplankton
- animal plankton
- silica
- material found in magma that is formed form the elements oxygen and silicon
- Harry Hess
- invented sea floor spreading
- death rate
- number of deaths in population in a certain amount of time
- pahoehoe
- hot fast moving type of lava that hardens to form smooth rope like coils
- permeable
- characteristic of a material that is full of tiny connected air spaces that water can seep through
- secondary succession
- series of changes that occur in an environment where there is already soil or organisms living
- composite volcano
- tall cone shaped mt. in which layers of lava and ash
- frond
- the leaves of a fern plant
- transform boundary
- plate boundary where two plates move past each other in opposite directions
- compression
- stress that squeezes rock until it folds or breaks
- habitat
- specific environment that provides the things an organism needs to live, grow, and reproduce,
- geyser
- fountain of water and stream that builds up pressure underground and erupts at regular intervals
- primary succession
- series of changes that occur in an area where no soil or organisms live
- crater
- bowl shaped area that forms around the central opening
- Dust Bowl
- are in the great plains where wind erosion caused soil loss during the 1930s
- Mercalli Scale
- scale rating earthquakes according to their intensity and how much damage they cause at a particular place
- magnitude
- measurement of a earthquakes strength based on siesmic waves and movements along other faults
- divergent boundary
- plate boundary where two plates move away from eachother
- island arc
- string of islands formed by the volcanoes along a deep ocean trench
- texture
- look and feel of a rock's surface determined by the size shape and pattern of a rock's grains
- Pangaea
- Wegener's super continent
- stress
- force that acts on rock to change it's shape or volume
- biome
- group of land ecosystems with similar climates and organisms
- cotyledon
- a seeded leaf
- organism
- a living thing
- plate
- section of the lithosphere that slowly moves over the asthenosphere carrying pieces of continental and oceanic crust
- crust
- layer of rock the forms the outer surface
- J. Tuzo Wilson
- invented the iea of plates in the lithosphere
- predation
- interaction in which one organism kills another for food (one gains one doesn't)
- dicot
- angiosperm with two seed leaves
- omnivore
- consumer that eats plants and animals
- gymnosperm
- plant that produces seeds that are not protected by a fruit
- fossil
- any trace of n ancient organism that has been preserved in ROCK
- soil conservation
- management of soil to prevent it's destruction
- monocot
- angiosperm with one seeded leaf
- scientific theory
- well tested concept that explains a wide range of observations
- parasite
- organism that benefits from living on or in the host
- hot spot
- area where magma from deep within the mantle melts through the crust above it
- pollen
- tiny particles produced by seeded plants containing the cells that later become sperm cells
- biotic factor
- living part of an organism's habitat
- extrusive rock
- igneous rock that forms from lava on earth's surface
- Richter Scale
- scale that rates an eathquakes magnitude based on the size of it's seismic waves
- consumer
- organism that obtains energy by feeding on other organisms
- weathering
- chemical and physical processes that break down rock at earth's surface
- ecology
- study of how organisms interact with their environment
- host
- organism that a parasite or virus lives in or on
- granite
- usually light colored igneous rock that is found in the continental crust
- carrying capacity
- largest population that an area can support
- cambium
- layer of cells in a plant that produces new phloem ad xylem cells
- foot wall
- block of rock that forms the bottom half of a fault
- cementation
- process by which dissolved minerals crystalize and glue particles of sediment together in to one mass