Psych col. test 2 ch. 7 &10
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- memory
- the capacity to store and retrieve information
- Ebbinghaus
- used meaningless 3 letter units- wanted to maintian a "pure measure of memory"
- rote learning
- memorization by repitition
- criterion performance
- being able to repeat all of the words that u memorized correctly
- implicit uses of memory
- the info. becomes available without any concious thought
- explicit uses of memory
- you make a concious effort to recover info
- declarative memory
- the recollection of facts and events
- procedural memory
- memories for how to do things
- encoding
- the intial processing of information that leads to representation in memory
- storage
- the retention over time of encoded material
- retreival
- the recovery at a later time of stored information
- sensory memory
- each sensory memory preserves accurate representations of the physical features of sensory stimuli for a few seconds or less
- iconic memory
- allows large amounts of info. to be stored for breif durations. lasts about half a second
- chunking
- grouping items on the basis of similarity or combining them into larger patterns based on info. stored in long term memory
- S.F
- memorized 84 digits by grouping
- Saul Sternberg
- demonstrated the great speed at which participants could asses which info was in short- term focus
- Baddley
- 3 components of working memory: phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, central executive
- phonological loop
- holds and manipulates speech based info.
- visuospatial sketchpad
- (ex. using visual image to remember how many desks are in ure psych classroom)
- central executive
- controls attention and coordinates info. from the phonological loop and visuospacial sketchpad
- working memory span
- read sentances and remember final words 4 or more-high span 2.5 or fewer- low span
- LTM (long term memory)
- the storehouse of all the stuff acquired from sensory and STM memories- consitiutes each persons knowledge of world and self
- encoding specificity
- memories emerge the best when the context of retreival matches the context of when the memories where encoded
- Tulving and Thomson
- encoding specificity
- primacy effect
- rememebering the first few words on a list
- recency effect
- remembering the last few words on a list
- contextual distinctiveness
- "how different were the contexts in which I learned this information from the context in which I will try to recall it?"
- retention interval
- a period of time over which you must keep the information in memory
- recall
- reproduce the information to which you were previously exposed
- recognition
- the realization that a certain stimulus event is one you have seen or heard before
- retrieval cues
- the stimuli available as you search for a particular memory
- Tulving
- episodic and semantic types of declaritive memories
- Episodic memories
- perserve, individually, the specific events that you have personally experienced
- semantic memories
- generic, categorical memories, such as the meanings of words and concepts
- proactive interference
- info. you have acquired in the past makes id difficult to acquire new information
- retroactive interference
- new information makes it harder to remember old information
- levels- of - processing theory
- the deeper the level at which the info was processed, the more likely it is to be comitted to memory
- transfer- appropriate processing
- memory is best when the type of processing at encoding transfers to the process at retrieval
- priming
- the first experience of the word primes memory for later experiences
- elaborative rehersal
- while you are first commiting info. to memory, you elaborate on it so you remember it better (ex. put picture of mouse with tree)
- mnemonics
- encode a long series of facts by associating them with familiar and previously encoded info.
- metamemory
- questions of how memory works and how you know certain info.
- Hart
- research on the feelings- of- knowing
- Method of Loci
- can remember things by linking them to physical locations
- cue familiarity hypothesis
- people base their feelings of knowing on their familiarity with the retrieval cue (ex. know the answer with mult. choice)
- accessability hypothesis
- people base their judgements on the accessibility or availability of PARTIAL info. from memory
- concepts
- the mental representations of the categories you form
- prototype
- prototype shifts- (ex: typical dog averaged over all the dogs you have seen)
- basic level
- level at which people best categorize and think about objects (ex: APPLE. not piece of fruit or golden delicious)
- Schemas
- clusters of knowledge- encoding your knowlege of experience of the structure of the environment
- reconstructive memory
- reconstructing info. based on more general types of stored knowledge
- Bartlett
- demonstrated how individuals prior knowledge affected the way they remember new info. 3 reconstructive processes
- leveling
- simplifying the story
- sharpening
- overemphasizing certain details
- assimilating
- changing the details to better fit the participants own background or knowledge
- Loftus
- studies on eyewitness memory- postevent information
- Lashley
- work on the anatomy of memory- engram distributed throughout brain
- engram
- physical memory representation
- 4 major brain structures involved in memory
- cerebellum, stiatum, cerebral cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus
- cerebellum
- procedural mem. repitition
- striatum
- habit formation- forbrain
- cerbral cortex
- sensory memories
- amygdala and hippocampus
- memories of facts, dates, names, and emotional memories
- amnesia
- failure of memory over a prolonged period of time
- developmental psychology
- concerned with changes in physical and psychological funcitioning
- normative investigations
- look for a characteristic of a specific age or developmental stage
- chronological age
- the number of months or years since a persons birth
- developmental age
- the age at which most people show the particular level of physical or mental development demonstrated by that child
- longitudinal design
- same people are repeadedly observed and tested over time, often for many years
- zygote
- unique genetic potential- single- cell- 23 from mom and 23 from dad
- Watson
- founder of behaviorism- "lively squirming bit of flesh, capable of making few simple responses"
- Fantz
- babies have visual preferences- objects with contours
- Gibson and Walk
- examined how children respond to depth information- Visual Cliff
- maturation
- the process of growth typical of all members of a species who are reared in the species usual habitat
- puberty
- brings about sexual maturity
- menarche
- the onset of menstruation
- cognitive development
- the study of the processes and products of the mind as they emerge and change over time
- Locke
- baby = blank tablet - experience (nurture) affects it over time - Empiricism
- Rousseau
- nativist- evolution (nature) shapes child's development
- Piaget
- developed theories about the ways that children think, reason, and solve problems
- schemes
- mental structures that enable people to interpret the world
- sensorimeter intelligence ?
- guide sensorimeter sequences like sucking, grasping, and pushing
- assimilation
- modifies new info. to fit what the child already knows
- accomodation
- restructures child's existing schemes so new info. is accounted for
- sensorimeter stage
- extends from birth to age 2
- object permenance
- child's understanding that objects continue to exsist out of sight
- properational stage
- 2 to 7 yrs.old
- egocentrism
- child can't take the perspective of anone other than themselves
- centration
- the tendancy to have their attention captured by more striking features of objects
- concrete operations stage
- 7 to 11 yrs. old- child capable of mental operations
- conservation
- physical properties don't change when nothing is added or taken away (ex. liquid poured into taller cylinder)
- formal operations stage
- 11yrs. on- abstract thinking- see world around u
- Baillargeon
- babies understanding that solid objects cannot pass through other solid objects
- foundational theories
- frameworks for understanding- to explain experiences of the world
- Vygotsky
- children develop through internalizaton
- internatlization
- absorb knowledge from social context which impacts how cognition unfolds over time
- wisdom
- expertise in the fundamental practices of life
- Schaie
- training programs which can reverse older adult's decline in some cognitive abilities (prevent disuse)
- Baltes
- strategy for successful aging- selective optimization with compensation
- phenomes
- the minimal meaningful units in language
- child-directed speech
- exaggerated high-pitch tone in which adults talk to babies
- Chomsky
- children are born with mental structures that facilitate the comprehension and production of language
- Slobin
- operating principles that consitute a child's language-making capacity
- operating principles
- children must learn the realtionship between the order in which words appear and what they mean
- overregularization
- overextending learned grammar rules (ex: foots, mouses)
- social development
- how people's social interactions and expectations chage across the life span
- Erikson
- people must complete 8 psychological stages which present conflicts
- socialization
- lifelong process in which peoples behaviors are shaped to conform to what society deems acceptable
- attachment
- intense relationship between mother, father and child
- imprinting
- infant becoming imprinted on first moving thing it sees- can not automatically be modified
- Lorenz
- young gees will imprint on a human instead of on e of their own kind
- Bowlby
- human attachment- infants and adults are biologically more likely to form attachments
- Ainsworth
- strange situation test- securly attached, insecurly attached-avoidant, insecurly attached- resistant
- parenting style
- intersection of demandingness and responsiveness
- parenting practices
- arise in response to particular goals
- Harlow
- infants attach to those providing contact comfort
- cupboard theory
- babies attach to parents because they provide them with food, their most basic need
- Suomi
- putting emotionally vulnerable monkeys in the foster care of supportive monkeys turns their lives around
- Hall
- storm-and-stress of adolecense
- BEnedict and Mead
- storm-and stress not applicable to western culture
- initmacy
- the capacity to make a full commitment to another person
- selective social interaction theory
- elderly are more selective in choosing social partners who satisfy their social needs
- generativity
- commitment beyond oneself to work, society, or future generations
- ageism
- prejudice against older people
- sex differences
- biologically based differences that distinguish males and females
- gender
- learned, sex-related behaviors and attitudes
- gender identity
- a person's sense of maleness or femaleness- acceptance of one's sex
- gender roles
- patterns of behavior regarded as appropriate by society for males and females
- Maccoby
- parents do not necessarily stamp in gender roles
- morality
- a system of beliefs about the rightness or wrongness of human acts
- Kohlberg
- studied moral reasoning- judgements about what is correct and incorrect in certain situations- 4 principles
- Gilligan
- ponted out that Kohlberg only studied boys
- sensory registers *
-
lasts few secs, very short
after effects:
iconic- visual
echoic- auditory - standard memory model *
- the mind is a computer- mind has 3 stores: sensory registers, STM, LTM
- Maitenence
- repeat info. keep it active
- Elaborative
- attach meaning to information- relate it to other knowledge
- STM capacity
- 5-9 pieces of info. can be alive
- Info fades in STM *
- 20-30 seconds
- LTM size *
- infinite
- serial position curve *
- supports the exsistance of STm vs. LTM
- working memory *
- temporary storage and processing of info. used
- 3 modules of Working Memory *
- visual memory store, verbal memory store, central executive
- visual memory store *
- visal sketchpad for remembering pictures and retrieving them
- verbal memory store *
- STM
- Central excecutive
- make plans and decisions
- context cues *
- put in a situation you were first in makes you remember (ex. put in classroom, you remember ure teacher)
- state-dependant memory *
- mood at time of retrieval matches mood at memory
- distributed practice *
- LTM better spread out than cramming
- nodes *
- may contain thoughts, images, smells, emotions, or any other info
- decay theory *
- memory will fade with disuse
- motivated forgetting *
- forgetting can avoid painful memories
- critical periods *
- points in life where brain is prime to learn things
- cross- sectional method *
- compares groups of different ages at the same time
- continuous change *
- gradual alteration of behavior
- diccontinuous change *
- idea that 10yr. ols and 3yr. old think differently
- orienting reflex *
- infant pay more attention to new stimuli rather than familiar stimuli
- suckinf reflex *
- infants can be trained to suck a pacifier- sucking increases with new stimuli
- brain waves *
- differ in infants between new and familiar stimuli
- epistemology *
- philosophy concerned with the Acquisition of knowledge
- Animism *
- belief that everything is alive
- Centration *
- can only deal with one dimension at a time (height but not width)
- irreversibility *
- Can't imagine that something didn't occur
- processing speed *
- mental quickness increases as children get older
- knowledge base *
- children gain knowledge base with experience
- Automatization *
- the ability to preform some tasks automatically
- Metacognition
- "thinking about thinking"
- quantatative continuous *
- info. processes develop over time
- qualitative discontinuous *
- diff. stages over diff. ages