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Biology, full year

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When monomers bind, they usually go through what process?
Dehydration Synthesis
Sharks share what trait with crayfish?
A rostrum
Sharks share what trait with crayfish?
A rostrum
What are amphibian eggs like?
They are non water-tight, jelly-like, soft eggs
Which fins on a fish are paired?
The pelvic and pectoral fins
Describe operate conditioning.
A previously learned or innate behavior is changed, either by punishing the organism when the undesired behavior occurs, or by rewarding the organism when an alternative behavior is followed.
Which classes of fishes do not have jaws?
Mixini and cephalaspidomorphi
Fishes have what skeleton?
An endoskeleton
What is a notochord?
A suppot rod that runs ventrally to the nerve cord.
Since lipids are insoluble, they make up what?
Steroids
Generally the (larger/smaller) a mammal is the faster it reproduces.
smaller
What is the closest non-chordate ancestor of chordates?
Echinoderms
Describe imprinting.
A combination of innate and learned behavior, the organism learns to perform a specific task almost instantly, this kind of learning is completely unchangeable.
What does photosystem 2 do?
It breaks down water, catches light, and energizes electrons.
What type of circulatory system do lancelets have?
A closed circulatory system
If a solution is hypotonic that means that _____________________.
There is a greater concentration of material inside the cell than outside.
What are the difference between alligators and crocodiles?
The alligator's upper jaw overlaps the lower jaw, the crocodile's is the same. Alligators have a U shaped mouth, crocodiles have a V shaped mouth.
What digestive organ do hagfish lack?
A stomach
Give the general characteristics of rodents.
usually herbivorous, sharp front teeth
Lampreys fall under what class?
Cephalaspidomorphi
Which genus of toads are viviparous?
Nectophrynoides
True or False, eels are in class cephalaspidomorphi
False, they are in class Osteichthyes
Where do lancelets live?
Marine water
True or false, Lizards are amphibians.
False, lizards are reptiles
Through what growth stage do most amphibians go through?
Complete Metamorphosis
What process produces sex cells?
Meiosis
What two types of chemicals are in a lamprey's saliva?
An anticoagulent and an anaesthetic
What do most fish have that holds air?
A swim bladder
What type of symmetry do tunicates posses?
Asymmetry
Sharks, rays, and other cartilaginous fishes fall under what class?
Chondrichthyes
Which types of reptiles would have the most insectivores?
Lizards
Rough ER synthesises what?
Amino acids into protein
How many hearts do hagfish have?
6
What kind of feeders are lancelets?
Filter Feeders
List the order of organs through which waste travels in amphibians
Urators (tubes which make up the kidneys), bladder, cloaca, anus
What type of skeleton does a lamprey have?
A cartilaginous endoskeleton
What is a heart murmur?
An instance in which blood flows backwrds through the circulatory system, caused by valve failure
How can fishes feed?
Carnivores, parasites, omnivores, detrivores, herbivores, filter feeders
What is the closest non-chordate ancestor of chordates?
Echinoderms
Why are tunicates called tunicates?
Because of the loose, leathery tunic that covers their outside.
Give the general characteristics of xenarthrans.
reduced/absent teeth, feed on insects
What do salamanders use to smell?
Their tounges
Viviporous
gives live birth
Give an example of a xenarthran
Anteater, armadillo
What type of circulatory system do most fishes have?
Closed
What is one general characteristic of all amphibians?
They live in watter at some point in life and land at some point in life
Give an example of imprinting.
A newly hatched duck will follow the first thing it sees that moves, it will continue following this untill adulthood. (accept anything with similar parameters)
What is the protein that DNA coils around?
Histone
What did amphibians evolve from?
Lobe finned fishes
How long can a hagfish live without food?
7 months
When are tunicates motile?
As larvae
Give the general characteristics of lagomorphs.
herbivorous, chisel like front teeth, runs or jumps
Bats hang upside down to ________.
Escape predators
What term designates seperate sexes?
Diecious
What can salamanders regenerate?
Tails, toes and legs
Hagfishes have _______ skin.
Slimy, smooth
List the general characteristics of marsupials.
Completes development in mother's pouch
Describe classical conditioning.
A reaction to a stimulus gives either a reward or a punishment. In this case the stimulus will eventually be obeyed without reward or punishment.
Water goes in through whaat opening in a tunicate and out what other opening?
In- mouth Out- atriopore
What are the reasons for cell division?
Repair, Replacement,Growth & development, Reproduction, Regeneration
Why do herbivorous fishes have longer intestines than carnivorous fishes?
To house cellulose- eating bacteria
Which type of reptiles would have the most herbivores?
Turtles and tortoises
Lancelets have rows of V shaped muscles. What are they used for?
Locomotion
What are organisms in order perrisodactyla more commonly called?
Odd toes ungulates
Define autosomes
Chromosomes that are not the X or Y chromosomes.
Members of order Apoda ______ when on land.
Burrow
What type of feeders are there in class chondrichthyes?
Filter feeders, carnivores, detrivores
What do amphibians need water to do?
Reproduce and respire
Monosaccharides are carbohydrate monomers with what chemical equation?
C6 H12 O6
Since salamanders are deaf to airborne sounds, what organ do they posses to detect vibrations?
A lateral line
What do adult tunicates have that larval tunicates posses?
A tail and notochord
Some bony fish build _______.
Nests
What binds nitrogenous bases together?
Hydrogen bonds
How many classes of subphylum vertebrata are there?
8
What senses vibrations in the water?
A lateral line
Which family of Anura has cartilaginous ribs?
Bufanidae
What are astors?
Small pieces of spindle fibers
How do adult amphibians feed?
They are carnivorous
Any hydrocarbon ending with "ene" uses what formula to find the number of hydrogen atoms?
Carbon atoms times two
Lipids are fats, oils, and waxes that use which elements?
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
How many species are there in order probosidea?
2
Where do tortoises live?
Land
Oviparous
egg-laying
When did the first mammals appear?
220 million years ago
How can you distinguish a male frog from a female frog?
The male's tympanic membranes are larger than their eyes
What is the muscle below the lungs called?
the diaphragm
Give an example of habituation.
If a dog's name is called, and the dog comes, but nothing happens to the dog, it will eventually not respond to its name. (accept anything with similar parameters)
Which type of teeth do reptiles lack?
Chewing teeth
What is the most important kind of protein?
Enzymes
What enzyme unzips DNA by breaking hydrogen bonds?
DNA Helicase
Where do tarapins live?
Brackish water
What do all chordates have at some point in their life?
A hollow dorsal nerve cord, a notochord, pharyngeal pouches, and a tail that extends beyond th anus.
Describe insight learning.
An organism uses prior knowledge to predict the outcome of a reaction to a stimulus, it may also be considered "mental trial-and-error".
What are the 5 types of learning?
Habituation, Classical conditioning, Operate conditioning, Insight learning, Imprinting
List the elements found in nucleic acids
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphate
Typical fishes (bony fishes) such as trout, salmon, cod, goldfish, and flounder, fall under what class?
Osteichthyes
If a reptiles has ________________ it must be venomous.
fangs
Give an example of insight learning.
In playing chess, if a position is on the board similar to a previously encountered position, a similar move will generally be made. (accept anything with similar parameters)
What is a notochord?
A suppot rod that runs ventrally to the nerve cord.
What do carbohydrate chains on a cell membrane do?
It identifies the cell to other cells, kind of like a flag
Give the general characteristics of insectivores.
Has long narrow snout, sharp claws, eats insects.
A ________ is a combination of two objects that settles out.
Suspension.
Recite the new cell theory.
All cells come from cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and function, all organisms are made from cells
Give an example of rodent
Rat, beaver, guinea pig, hamster, gerbil, squirrel
Define prokaryote
A cell that lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
What kind of feeders are tunicates?
Filter Feeders
Define Autosomal Dominant
A term designating an allele found on autosomal chromasomes that is dominant
What does ungulate mean?
Hooved
What is the term for a cell holding too much water and bursting?
Cytolosis
If a solution is hypertonic that means that _____________________.
There is a greater concentration of material outside the cell than inside.
What are the two major types of behavior?
Innate and learned
Hagfishes fall under what class?
Mixini
What senses vibrations in the water?
A lateral line
Lancelets spend most of their time where?
In the sand
Give the general characteriscs of cetaceans.
Fully aquatic, forelimbs as flippers, no hindlimbs, some use echolocation
Which type of behavior is hardest to change?
Innate, with the exception of imprinting, which is unchangeable.
Are tunicates hermaphrodites or do they have seperate sexes?
Sequential hermaphrodites
Give an example of classical conditioning.
If a bell is rung when food is served to a dog, the dog will salivate, eventually the dog will salivate to the bell ringing alone. (accept anything with similar parameters)
What is a prehensal tail?
A tail that can be used as an extra appendage
Name the monomer for carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
True or false, lipids are insoluble.
True
What distinguishes toads from frogs?
Toads have rougher, drier skin. Toads are shorter. Toads walk more than they hop.
Which types of reptiles excrete waste as ammonia?
Turtles
What are the classes of fishes?
Mixini, Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes, Cephalaspidomorphi
What subphylum are lancelets in?
Cephalochordata
What kind of circulatory system do hagfishes have?
Open
Define X-linked
A term designating an allele found on the X chromosome
List the four monomers for nucleic acids
Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine
List all the orders of mammals
Monotremata, marsupialia, cetaceans, insectivoria, chiroptera, primates, xenarthra, lagomorpha, rodentia, carnivoria, proboscidea, sirenia, perissodactyla, artiodactyla
Incomplete dominance will result in what?
A blending of traits.
List the four main purposes for lipids
Protection, Waterproofing, Water retaining, Energy
What does a reptiles ectothermy allow it to do?
Go very long periods without food
Hagfishes have a ______ tounge.
Toothed
Give an example of a sirenian
manatee, sea cow
Why are tunicates called tunicates?
Because of the loose, leathery tunic that covers their outside.
What enzyme assembles DNA by adding nitrogenous bases and proofreads the DNA?
DNA Polymerase
Contradicting popular belief, bats are not _______.
Blind
List the five different kinds of chemical reactions
Synthesis, Decomposition, Single displacement, Double displacement, Combustion
How many species of lancelets are there?
25
What do frogs use to attract mates?
Vocal sacs
What was the biggest primate adaptation, besides large brains?
Grasping Hands
What does an exocytotic process do?
It takes materials out of a cell
Which types of reptiles would have the most carnivores?
Aligators, Crocodiles, Gavules, Snakes
How many species of hagfish are there?
20
What chordate characteristics do adult hagfish keep?
The notochord, nerve cord, and pharyngeal pouches
Exothermic Reaction
A chemical reaction in which energy/heat is released
Organic compounds contain which two elements?
Carbon and Hydrogen.
What is it called if a larval stage can reproduce?
Neotemy
Early fishes had what characteristic that modern fish lack?
Heavy armor
Which organism did Darwin observe on the Galapagos islands that led him to his discovery of adaptations?
Tortoises
What did Franklin find?
The structure of DNA
Name the monomer(s) for lipids
Glycerol, Fatty Acids
Water goes in through whaat opening in a tunicate and out what other opening?
In- mouth Out- atriopore
When are tunicates motile?
As larvae
Artiodactyl societies are usually P____________.
Patriarchal
What does Amniotic mean?
Several membranes
How many calories does a gram of sugar have?
3811
What type of circulatory system do lancelets have?
A closed circulatory system
What is the scientific name for fingers and toes?
Phalanges
Hagfishes fall under what class?
Mixini
Only ___________ (number) lizards are venomous. What are they?
2, Mexican beaded lizard and Gila lizard
Give the general characteristics of sirenians
Aquatic, herbivorous, slow mooving, forelimbs as flippers, no hindlegs
A fish's swim bladder can be used to magnify ___________.
Sound
What do sharks and rays use for buoyancy?
Their liver
List the elements found in proteins
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur
What are the classes of fishes?
Mixini, Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes, Cephalaspidomorphi
What makes an atom an isotope?
A change in the number of neutrons in the atom.
Do amphibians have eyelids?
Yes, these are different than the nictitating membrane
Which fins on a fish are paired?
The pelvic and pectoral fins
Describe habituation.
A reaction to a stimulus neither gives a reward or punishment, leading to the organism ignoring the stimulus.
Carbohydrates have what elements?
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
How many classes of subphylum vertebrata are there?
8
What kinds of things CANNOT diffuse into cells?
Large molecules and ions
Give the general characteristics of animals in order perissodactyla
hoofed, herbivorous, odd number of digits on each foot.
What kind of feeders are tunicates?
Filter Feeders
Typical fishes (bony fishes) such as trout, salmon, cod, goldfish, and flounder, fall under what class?
Osteichthyes
How many years ago did fish come on land?
350 million
Give an example of a cetacean
Whale, porpoise, dolphin
A ________ is a material of two or more elements that are combined phisically.
Mixture.
The __________ combines with glycerol and fatty acids to form lipids
Carboxyl Group
Give the general characteristics of animals in order artiodactyla
Hoofed, herbivorous, two digits per foot
All reptiles have a double loop and three chambered heart system, except for __which have a __.
Crocodilians, 4 chambered heart
What characteristics of chordates do adult lancelets lose?
None, they keep all chordate characteristics
Fishes have what symmetry?
Bilatteral symmetry
Early fishes had what characteristic that modern fish lack?
Heavy armor
What order do bats belong to?
Chiroptera
How many intestines do amphibians have and what are they?
2, the large and small intestine
What type of scales do sharks have?
Placoid scales
List the four main polysaccharides
Cellulose, Chitin, Glycogen, Starch
If a molecule is insoluble it means that it cannot be ___________.
Polar
What part of the brain do hagfish lack?
A cerebellum
Give an example of a primate
Lemur, monkey, chimpanzee, human, gibbon, aye-aye, tamarin, gorillas
How many appendages do hagfish have?
none
If a komodo dragon bites you, you will often die or feel pain from a non-bleeding related reason. What is this reason?
The komodo dragon's bite is very INFECTIOUS (not VENOMOUS) because the carrion it eats has bacteria on it.
Lagomorphs reproduce (quickly/slowly)
Quickly
What does the slime on a hagfish protect from?
Enzymes
Sharks, rays, and other cartilaginous fishes fall under what class?
Chondrichthyes
Ovoviviporous
egg-producing, but the egg hatches in the mother's body
Give an example of a marsupial
Opposum, kangaroo, koala
How long are typical hagfishes?
16-32 inches
Where do lancelets live?
Marine water
How many teeth can sharks have?
20000
Why are lampreys' gills bidirectional?
To respire while feeding
How long do lampreys typically live?
1-3 years
Give an example of a mammal in order proboscidea
Asian elephant, African elephant
Viviporous
gives live birth
What is a frog's mating "hug" called?
Amplexus
What do most fish have that holds air?
A swim bladder
What percentage of bony fish are marine?
52%
Lampreys fall under what class?
Cephalaspidomorphi
A dihybrid cross will always result in what genotypic ratio?
9:3:3:1
What are the two major branches of primates?
Monkeys and Apes
What is the main difference between a skate and a ray?
Rays are viviparous, skates are oviparous
Recite the old cell theory.
All animals are made of cells, all plants are made of cells, all cells come from cells
Where do lampreys live?
all water
What type of circulatory system do most fishes have?
Closed
What is the reptile's egg called?
The amniotic egg
Define spermatagonium
A cell that will become a sperm cell
Any hydrocarbon ending with the prefix "ane" uses what formula to find the number of hydrogen atoms?
Carbon atoms times two, plus two
What period did reptiles first appear in?
Triassic
What is the name of the bond formed between ammino acids?
Peptide Bonds
Most amphibians have ____________ fertilization.
external
What was Redi's experiment?
He coverd meat with gauze to see if maggots got on it.
What sugar is found in RNA nucleotides?
Ribose
What did Avery discover?
The reason for transformation
What is the largest lizard in the world?
The Komodo Dragon
A monohybrid cross will always result in what genotypic ratio?
1:2:1
What type of symmetry do tunicates posses?
Asymmetry
Any hydrocarbon ending with "yne" uses what formula to find the number of hydrogen atoms?
Carbon atoms times two, minus two
Endothermic Reaction
A chemical reaction in which energy/heat is absorbed
What type of ions do metals release?
Positive.
Why do salamanders move in an S pattern?
Because their legs are at theirr sides
What do adult tunicates have that larval tunicates posses?
A tail and notochord
Which teeth in a shark are functional?
The outer teeth
ATP is made of what?
A nitrogenous base, a 5-carbon sugar, and 3 phospate groups
Fishes live where?
Any water
Define cyclin
An internal regulator that regulates cell division
Oviparous
egg-laying
Fishes have what skeleton?
An endoskeleton
What is the attraction between different molecules called?
Adhesion.
What FAMILY are true frogs in?
Ranidae, with approximately 400 species
What are the different types of cetaceans?
Toothed whales, dolphins, baleen whales.
What did Chargoff discover?
The relationship between adenine and thymine and guanine and cytosine
What is the name for the DNA of bacteria?
Plasmid
The tuatara can go without a breath for an hour. How is this possible?
Since it is ectothermic and does not constantly need to burn energy to keep warm, it has an extremely low rate of cellular respiration.
True or false, Some frogs keep their eggs inside their bodies.
True
List all the types of fins on a fish.
Dorsal, pectoral, pelvic, anal, and caudal
List all the types of fins on a fish.
Dorsal, pectoral, pelvic, anal, and caudal
What is the mnanatee's system of defense?
It has none
Are tunicates hermaphrodites or do they have seperate sexes?
Sequential hermaphrodites
Define oobonium
A cell that will become an egg cell
What class are reptiles in?
reptilia
What is the hollow area of a tunicate called?
The atrium
How deep of water can hagfish live in?
4000 feet
Where are an amphibian's mucus glands?
In the amphibian's skin
Acids form what ions in water?
Hydrogen.
Which classes of fish lack paired fins?
Mixini and Cephalaspidomorphi
Baleen whales have larger females than males, toothed whales have larger males than females. This means that both are __________.
Sexually dimorphic
Most species of carnivores live where?
On land
What is the centromere in chromasomes?
The area where two chromatids are held together to form a chromasome.
What digestive organs do reptiles lack? (It helps with mechanical digestion)
Teeth
What two traits do most amphibians lack that fish or reptiles have?
Scales and claws
All tunicates live in what enviroment?
Marine water
If a solution is isotonic that means that _____________________.
The concentration gradient is equal.
What form does fish waste take?
Ammonia
List the four main monosaccharides
Glucose, Fructose, Galactose, Mamose
What is the hollow area of a tunicate called?
The atrium
Why do cells transform?
Because they come in contact with foreign DNA
Give the general characteristics of animals in order chiroptera.
Flies, usually nocturnal,
Give an example of a monotreme
platypus, echnida
Ovoviviporous
egg-producing, but the egg hatches in the mother's body
How far from their original nest do mice form their nests?
200 feet
What is another name for lancelets and what does it mean?
Amphioxus- Both ends Pointed
What did Watson and Crick interpret?
Franklin's DNA X-Ray
Give the general characteristics of carnivores.
Most are carnivorous, marine, terrestrial, or amphibian like
What does the stromata release?
Water and gas
Where is the DNA in prokaryotic cells?
In the nuclear area
What gland produces poison in amphibians, and where is it located?
The paratoid gland(s). These are located in the skin, except for in toads, where it is behind the eyes.
What is a nictitating membrane?
A thin, transparent membrane covering an amphibian's eyes
Glycogen is a carbohydrate found in __________ that is used for energy.
Animals
List the three main disaccharides
Lactose, Sucrose, Maltose
Give the general characteristics of primates.
Complex behaviors, large brains, binocular vision, five digits
Give an example of a mammal in order artiodactyla
sheep, cow, hippopotamus, antelope, camel, giraffe, pig
What does "Amphibian" mean?
Double life
What does photosystem 1 do?
It accepts and re-energizes electrons, and forms NADPH and ATP
What is another name for lancelets and what does it mean?
Amphioxus- Both ends Pointed
What are the general characteristics of reptiles?
scaly skin, watertight, sheds, dry skin, many have claws
What is the formula for ammonia?
NH3
Lancelets are usually under what size?
5 cm
Most bony fish mature in _________ years.
1-5
How do lancelets respire?
Using their gills (pharyngeal pouches) and diffusion
What can a fish's color indicate?
Family, sexual maturity, aggresion, territory, age, sex, and camoflauge.
What is an amphibian's skin like, and what is the effect of this?
It is porous and non water-tight, forcing them to live close to water
Which classes of fishes do not have jaws?
Mixini and cephalaspidomorphi
What FAMILY are toads in?
Bufanidae, with approximately 300 species
Define physiology
The function of something
What is the largest mammalian vein?
The Superior Vena Cava
What percentage of their body weight do manatees eat daily?
10-15%
List the characteristics that all mammals share.
Mammary glands, lungs, 4 chambered heart, endothermy, fur/hair, fat, usually sweat glands
Starch is a carbohydrate found in plants that is used for _______.
Energy
Give an example of a mammal in order perissodactyla
horse, donkey, rhinoceros, tapir
What kind of feeders are lancelets?
Filter Feeders
Why do hagfishes tye themselves in knots?
To rid themselves of slime and excape predators.
Why do rodents chew hard objects?
To keep their teeth at a reasonable size
All tunicates live in what enviroment?
Marine water
Which organ in reptiles detects chemicals?
Jacobson's organ
Lancelets have rows of V shaped muscles. What are they used for?
Locomotion
What organ digests carbohydrates, and what hormone does it use to do this?
The pancreas, by using insulin.
Van der Waals forces use which type of bonding?
Covalent.
How many chambers does an amphibian's heart have and what are they?
3, left atrium, right atrium, central ventricle
How many species of lancelets are there?
25
Fishes live where?
Any water
How many distinct species of Tuatara are there?
3
What are bony fishes' bones made of?
calcium
What limitations do reptiles have?
Size, can't breathe in water, can only live in warm places
Give the general characteristics of animals in order proboscidea
Herbivorous, have trunks, extremely large
Where do turtles live?
Marine or fresh water
What is the term for a cell shriveling due to a lack of water?
Crenation
Give an example of a mammal in order chiroptera
fruit bat, flying fox, vampire bat
What sugar is found in DNA nucleotides?
Deoxyribose
Adult lampreys feed in what way?
Parasitically
What gives animal cells their shape?
Microfilaments and microtubuoles.
Hagfish have ________ number of tentacles around their mouth.
6-8
What subphylum are tunicates in?
Urochordata
What is the attraction between the same molecules called?
Cohesion.
Define Autosomal Recessive
A term designating an allele found on autosomal chromasomes that is recessive
How many species of lobe finned fishes are there?
7
What are centrioles?
Small organelles that arrange the spindle fibers
What type of joints were primates the first to develop?
Ball and socket joints
What is the difference between a plant cell's vacuole(s) and an animal cell's vacuole(s)
A plant cell has one large vacuole, an animal cells has many small vacuoles
Give an example of a lagomorph
rabit, pika, hare
What is an eft?
An immature, terrestrial form of an amphibian
What form does fish waste take?
Ammonia
How do amphibian larvae feed?
They are grazing herbivores or filter-feeders
What are bat excretions known as?
Guano
True or false; Tunicates can be colonial.
True, colonial tunicates also have a common excurrent siphon
What are a fish's scales for?
Drag reduction, they can also indicate age though.
Define eukaryote
A cell that has a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
In an ionic bond, do electrons go one or two ways?
One.
What does an endocytotic process do?
It brings materials into a cell
What is the equation for hexane?
C6 H14
What do the kidneys do and why?
They concentrate ammonia to prevent water loss.
Cellulose is a carbohydrate found in plants that is used for __________.
Structure
What is the term for a cell drooping due to a lack of water?
Plasmolosis
What are members of the order artiodactyla more commonly called?
Even-toed ungulates
Gestation is the period from ____________.
Fertilization to birth
How many years can a well-adapted frog live without water?
7 years
What period did reptiles come in?
The Triassic
What did Hershey and Chase discover?
Whether DNA or Protein is the reason that viruses are infectious.
What are the pits on crocodilians used for?
Detecting water pressure.
Give an example of an insectivore
Shrew, mole, hedgehog
If a plant self-pollinates it is ________________.
True breeding
Bases (or Alkalis) form what ions in water?
Hydroxide.
What is the bottom of a turtle's shell called?
The plastron
What kind of things can diffuse into a cell?
Water, gasses, alchohol, small molecules such as drugs, etc.
What is a cell membrane made of?
A phospholipid bilayer
List the orders of amphibians and what they include.
Apoda, caecillians (legless amphibians): Urodela, salamanders and newts : Anura, frogs and toads
What is the formula for ammonia?
NH3
What is the largest frog?
The Goliath Frog
Define anatomy
The structure of something
What is the outer layer of the brain called?
The cerebral cortex
Fishes have what symmetry?
Bilatteral symmetry
Give an example of operate conditioning.
In house-training a dog, if a dog is punished when excreting indoors or breaking anything, the dog will eventually learn not to break anything or excrete indoors. (accept anything with similar parameters)
What are the classes of reptiles?
Squamata (lizards and snakes), crocodilia (crocodiles and alligators), sphenodonta (tuatara), testudines (turtles and tortoises)
What does transcription produce?
RNA
What is the main difference between unicellular and multicellular organism's cells?
Unicellular must be self-sustaining, multicellular cells may specialize
What do the kidneys filter?
Water, sallt, and NH3 (Ammonia)
Disaccharides are carbohydrates using what chemical equation?
C12 H22 O11
What two organelles, besides the nucleus, contain DNA?
The mitochondria and the chloroplasts
Reptiles include which organisms that have the most acidic stomachs of all organisms?
Crocodiles
Carbon is special because it can form single, double, or triple links with what?
Carbon.
Which fins became amphibians' limbs?
The pelvic and pectoral fins.
How many eggs can one toad produce in a year?
35000
What characteristics of chordates do adult lancelets lose?
None, they keep all chordate characteristics
What did Griffith discover?
He discovered transformation
How many pairs of gill openings do hagfish have? (Distinguishes from lampreys)
1, lampreyes have 7
How do lancelets respire?
Using their gills (pharyngeal pouches) and diffusion
What are the two main differences between rats and mice?
Rats are larger and have more scales on their tails than mice
What do the kidneys do and why?
They concentrate ammonia to prevent water loss.
What subphylum are tunicates in?
Urochordata
What is another name for members of order Apoda? (besides Caecillians)
Rubber eels
What bodily chemicals are steroids?
Hormones
True or false; Tunicates can be colonial.
True, colonial tunicates also have a common excurrent siphon
Which teeth are well developed in carnivores?
Canines
A _________ is a combination of two elements that are perfectly spread out.
Solution.
What does the Calvin cycle do?
It forms NADP+
How is the hierarchy of the Galapagos tortoises determined?
By the length of the tortoise's necks
What is the top of the turtles shell called?
The carapace
What subphylum are lancelets in?
Cephalochordata
Is fermentation aerobic or anaerobic?
Anaerobic
What is a hagfishes' endoskeleton composed of?
fibers and cartilige
The prefix "ose" refers to what?
Carbohydrates
Lancelets spend most of their time where?
In the sand
What are the 3 kinds of RNA?
Transfer (tRNA) Ribosomal (rRNA) Messenger (mRNA)
Where do amphibians lay their eggs? (Assuming it is an oviparous organism)
In water
What is the chemical formula for glycolosis?
C6 H12 O6 + ATP + 2NAP+ = 2 pyruvic acid + 4ATP + 2NADH
Name the monomer for proteins
Ammino Acids
What do all chordates have at some point in their life?
A hollow dorsal nerve cord, a notochord, pharyngeal pouches, and a tail that extends beyond th anus.
How large can a group of hagfishes be?
15000 organisms
Give the general characteristics of monotremes.
Has cloaca, lays eggs
True or false, Caecillians can see ultraviolet light.
False, Caecillians are blind
What are the 3 phases of the cell cycle?
Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis
Dehydration Synthisis
When two monomers combine, a water molecule is lost.
Name the monomer for nucleic acids
Nucleotides
Lancelets are usually under what size?
5 cm
Who invented the microscope?
Robert Hooke
An elephants tusks are actually its _________.
Canines
What kind of transport is diffusion?
Passive transport
How can fishes feed?
Carnivores, parasites, omnivores, detrivores, herbivores, filter feeders
Codominance will result in what?
Several different alleles being expressed individually.
Chitin is a carbohydrate found in animals that is used for _________.
Structure
Smooth ER does what?
It synthesises lipids and detoxifies substances

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