American Media
Radio's Forerunners
Terms
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- Cables Major Players
- Time Warner & Cablevision Industries
- Paul Nipkow
- German Inventor who in the 1880s invented the scanning disk, which broke pictures into light units.
- Crystal Sets
- Do it yourself radio that didnt run off electricity, hobbyists became the first audience for broadcast sound.
- The problem with quiz shows was
- The shows were rigged. Sponsors of the shows would give popular contestants answers so the audience would tune in.
- UHF
- Ultra High Frequency came in the 50s for expanded stations and programming.
- William S. Paley
- Developed the CBS radio and Television Networks and ran them for more than half a century, he was Sarnoff's only competition.
- who sponsored the 1955 CBS Debut of a $64,000 challenge
- Revlon
- NTSC
- National Television System Committee was established in 1940 by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), in the United States (US), to resolve the conflicts which had arisen between companies over the introduction of a nationwide analog television system in the United States.
- Anthology Television
- for upper-class viewers who could afford a TV in the 50s, Anthology Drama's cost twice what regular programming cost.
- Lee de Frost
- technological innovator from the late 19th century early 20th century, wrote the first doctorial dissertation on wireless Technology, competed with the Marconi corporation in the field of wireless communication
- Satellite Radio
- a digital radio signal that is broadcast by a communications satellite, which covers a much wider geographical range than terrestrial radio signals.
- What were some advantages to CATV
- No over the air interference & increased channel capacity. First appeared in the 40s.
- Clear Channel Communications
- Media conglomerate company based in the United States, found in 1972 by Lowry Mays and Red McCombs.
- Radio Stations in the 1920s
- 564 licensed commercial radio stations.
- When did quiz shows become popular
- 1959
- Ted Turner
- Debuted WTBS in 1976, it was based in Atlanta and was not afiliated with any network.
- Victor Zworykin
- A Russian who in 1919 invented the iconoscope, a TV camera tube that converts lights rays into electrical signals.
- Fringe Time(just before primetime)
- Off network syndication (old programs that provide a strong lead in)
- Time Shifting
- watching shows later and fast forwarding through commercials.
- Radio Act of 1912
- required all wireless stations to obtain a license from the commerce Department.
- VHF
- Very High Frequency used early for black and white.
- John Logie Baird
- a scotsman who in 1926 was the first to demonstrate a TV system before a gathering of 50 scientists in his attic workshop.
- CNN Revolution
- 24-hour TV news channel
- number of licensed radio stations by the late 1920s
- By 1927 there were over 1000 radio stations in the U.S.
- 3 major TV networks that dominated until 1980 were
- National Broadcasting Company, Columbia Braodcasting Systems, and the American Broadcasting Company
- Sharing
- A statistical estimate expressed as a percentage of households tuned into a program compared with those actually using their sets at the time of the sample
- Rating
- A statistical estimate expressed as a percentage of households tuned into a show. One rating point= 1.1 million households.
- RCA Introduces Television
- At New York's World Fair in 1939
- Syndication
- 4-yrs. of episodes needed for a show to enter syndication. Syndication can be pure profit.
- Philo T. Farnsworth
- an American who in 1923 at the age of 16, pattens the electronic image dissector tube for long distance transmission (better than mechanical scanning systems.
- What is CATV
- Community Antenna TV, most used in communites where mountains or tall buildings blocked broadcast signals. It served 10% of the U.S. with 12 channels
- CBS
- Columbia Broadcasting Systems, Sunday September 18, 1927 CBS made its first Network Broadcast.
- Radio Act of 1927
- Transferred most of the responsibility for radio to newly created Federal Radio Commission.
- Why were quiz shows popular
- they were cheap to produce, had no actors to pay and the sponsors name and logo was displayed all over the place.
- Afiliate Station
- And independently owned station that contracts to be part of a larger network.
- Deficit Financing
- Production company leases a show to a network for a license fee less than the cost of the show. The loss will be made back in rerun syndication.
- Podcasting
- a digital media file, or a related collection of such files, which is distributed over the Internet using syndication feeds for playback on portable media players and personal computers.
- Episodic Television
- less creativity, less sophisticated, and more cost effective
- NBC Red
- Less highbrow, featured various manifestations of popular culture.
- Wireless Ship Act of 1910
- Required all U.S. Seagoing ships carrying more than 50 passengers and traveling more than 200 miles off the coast to be equipped with wireless equipment with a range of at least 100 miles.
- David Sarnoff
- 1891-1971, The Bill Gates of Radio. He is a business visionary who built radio into a mass medium.
- Guglielmo Marconi
- Invented wireless Telegraphy in 1894 which used codes NOT voice, Established British Marconi in 1897 and American Marconi in 1899.
- A.C. Nielson Company (since 1950)
- Estimates what viewers are watching in Major Markets.
- Narrowcasting
- providing specialized programming for diverse and fragmented groups.
- PBS and NPR
- Started by the Public Broadcasting Act of the 60s and it was heavily subsudized.
- In 1970 FCC created Financial Interest and Syndication Rules(Fin-Syn)
- Networks could no longer demand 50% or more of the profits earned by evergreens(any popular lucrative network show in reruns) aired as reruns in local markets.
- CNNs Formula
- Emphasizes News itself rather than celebrity anchors (Anchor pay is lower).
- HBO became to individual cable markets
- 1975
- Golden Age of Radio
- The Central medium of Depression America; two out of every three homes had radio sets. Single sponsor programs.
- NBC Blue
- High culture programming such as Dramas, symphonic music, opera.
- By 1962 how many American homes had TVs
- 90% of American homes had TVs by 1962
- Major patent holders in the early days of commercial radio
- GE, Westinghouse, United Fruit and AT&T.
- In 1997 90% of American homes owned
- VCRs
- Consumer marrketing of Video Cassette Recorders
- became available in 1975, also movies became available for rental.
- Internet Radio
- Audio broadcasting service transmitted via the internet.
- Hybrid Syndication
- Shows developed from first run series now produced for syndication
- Direct Broadcast Satellite(DBS)
- Bypasses cable to get programming directly from satellite Early Satellite dishes were huge and expensive
- MSO's
- Multiple System Operators
- Golden Age of Televison
- established in the 50s was single sponsor programming. Networks feared sponsor control, particularly content control
- The Network Era
- From 1950s-1970s, was changed by new technology.
- radio corporation of America(RCA)
- A private sector monopoly that dominated the wireless industry and expanded American Communication Technology.
- WEAF
- First radio station to sell commercial time to advertisers ("Toll broadcasting") in New York in 1922.
- KDKA
- First commercial broadcasting in Pittsburgh.
- Federal Communication Act of 1934
- created to regulate radio use as the public convenience, interest or necessity requires.
- Telecommunications Act of 1996
- First major change since 1934, finally incorporating cable under federal regulation. Removed market barriers between phone companies, long distance carriers and cable operators.
- Orson Welles and "War of the Worlds"
- One of the first two radio programs in 1938 that exposed the growing national fear of war.
- The quiz show scandal fallout...
- effectively ended sponsor control of content.