chem 4
Terms
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copy deck
- now a days we can analyze samples down to their parts per ?
- trillion
- serves as a guideline as to how much of a chemical we can ingest before it may have a toxic affect
- accepted daily intake
- the chemical antimony is found in our biottled water . how many parts per billion and why is it ok to drink bottled water due to the adi?
- 3 parts per billion and the adi of antimony is 6 parts per billion so we are ok
- noael stands for?
- the no adverse effect level and this is done on animals to find their maximum amount of a substance they can have without showing adverse effectss.
- what is the safet factory for adi in humans
- 100
- when we are testing the adi in humans what is the downside?
- that we are testic for the acute toxicity not the chronic one.
- in 1595 what was used to see what type posion an arrow would have on a monkey
- three tree poison, three trees until the monkey fell. The less numbner of trees, the increase potency the poison had on the animal
- what was the substance that the natives showed Raleigh that was the posion used for their arrows?
- curare
- what did natives call curare and what did it mean
- urari- he to whom it comes, falls
- the vine chondomentron venemumum when isolted using hot water was made into
- curare
- sir charles waterton found that curare could be used for what?
- muscle relaxation without causing death on humans
- what did claude bernard find out about curare in 1844?
- that when used in access, curare could block nerve impulses from the brain to the spinal chord ultimaetly paralyzing the human
- what is the active ingredient in curare?
- tubocuranine
- dr haorld grififth was known for what?
- he was known for being the first to use curare in surgery to relax the muscle from spasms. his surgery was a patient undergoing an appentdectiopmy.
- excecutions used the following drugs?
-
sodium theopental=- induces sleep
pavulon- attests breathing
pattasium choloride- stops the heart - is curare a drug or a posin?
- both!
- why is dosage so important?
- it can change whether the drug is harmful or benefitial
- in 1937 what preceded pencilion that was used for treatment of ghonerea and sore throats?
- sulfanilimide
- what is an elixir
- A drug dissolved in alcohol
- what did the massengil company used when they found out that sulfinilimide was not very soluble in alcohol and needed a solvent.?
- diethylene glycol a toxic substance that causes kidney and liver failure
- who was blamed for the failure of the diethylene glycol solvent that was used in the drug?
- harold watkins and he later commited suicide
- francis kelsey was important ni the conservative distribution of which two toxic drugfs?
- thalidomide and diethylene glycol
- due to the extreme failure of the sulifinilamide elixir that caused so many deaths, rosevlet signed the 1938 food drug and cosmetic act which proved what?
- that any drug on the market had to be proven safe and effective
- what substance today can be marketed without any testing?
- herbal supplements
- how many chemicals have we discovered? and how many are natural and how many are sythetic?
- 50 million, mostly being natural
- hormesis is the study of what
- the study of chemicals at very low doses because they may behave differently at high dosses
- what is an example of hemosis?
- ddt
- what is the general principle of teoxicology
- risk = toxioclogy x exposure
- what contains cynaide and what is the lethal dose?
- lima beans contain cynaide and so do apple seeds but the lethal dose is 10,000 mcg
- what is cassava?
- a fruit that if not prepared properly can realse cynaide and kill people when being digested
- what poison does the puffer fish have?what is the fish called in japan? what is the lethal dose of tetrodotoxin?
-
tertrodotoxin
fugu
10mcg - clostrinium botulinum is known to cause what type of poisiing
- botulism
- clostridium botulinium grows in multiples where there is little to no ?
- oxygen
- what is added to processed meat to prevent bacterial growth?
- nitrites
- what is the lethal dose of botulin?
- 0.03 mcg
- botulin toxin can be also be used in medicine as toxins are also drugs.. this is used in cosmetics known as ?
- botox,prevent tremors
- what percent of people have an allergic reaction to posion ivy?
- 70 %
- biophenol a what is so significant about this toxin?
- a small dose will not affect you immeditely yet more exposure to it will yeild to chronic pain.
- what was the consequence of dyithylstilbestrol ?
- given to pregnant women to alleiviate the chance of miscariage, but what happened was 20 yrs down the road all female offspring had a larger chance of getting vaginal cancer
- what can dogs not metabolize that is in chocolate?
- theobromine
- epidemeology is
- trying to understand the toxicity of a substance in humans pasts
- the nocebo effect is?
- when people are told that a substance will react negateivley even if it hasno negative characterisits and it will due to the persons pyschological patterns
- dr harvary wiley was?
- the cheif of the bureau of chemistry later changed to the fda in.
-
the posion squad of 1903
all meals were eatin at the ?
chemicals were consumed in?
this lead to what? -
hygeiniac table
gelatin capsuls
the passing of the 1906 food and drug act but it was not looked at very highly until about the 1930s of the sulfinilimide scare - which drug did harvey wiley not liek that is still on the market?
- sodium benzoate
- which two organis do most of the work with detoxication
- liver and kidneys
- what is the job of the phase 1 enzymes for detoxification
- first they increase the solubility just in case the toxin cannot be disollved, then it provides a site for a phase 2 enzyme to attach onto and it alters the molecture structure of it.
- What is the most popular phase 1 enzymer
- chytochrome p450
- what does the phaze 2 enzyme do?
- attaches to the modifeid compoiound and releases it from the body
- benzopyrenes are formed during barbequing.. what may a phase 1 enzyme do to attack it
- it will first off make it soluable to it will add an oxygen and a hyrdogen to it, while allowing a site for the phase 2 enzyme to attach but in the process it also allows a binding site for dna molecules and therefore making the new formed molecule into a carcinogen which is very bad and cancer causing. So during the detoxification, the phase 1 enzyme may accidentally form the molecule into a carcinogen.
- Why is a tea an anti carcinogen
- the phase 1 enzymes see the compounds in tea to be hazardous to the body so it will produce more enzymes to rid the compounds of tea so in the process it may be ridding other compounds that are not found in tea from your body
- tea is known for stimulating what phase 2 enzyme?
- glucuronyl transferance
- what does broccoli contain that the body perceienves to be toxic?
- sulpharane- known as an anti carcinogen because it provokes the use of enzymes in the body.
- what stimulates the gluthione s transferance which is an enzyme that attaches a gluthione molecule to toxin which then rids it of the body?
- garlic
- st johns wort is a mild anti depressent . what is the case study
- since the patient was taking this, it enabled enzymes to decfrease the affectiveness of cylosporine which was a an anti rejection drug for an organ trasnplant, the enzymes from st johns wart broke down the clyosporine so much that it didnt work.
- what drugs are metabolized and eliminated by cytochrome p 450?
- anesthetics, antipredessants,cortoscortiond mao
- what happens when acitomepnephenn is digested
- it is seen as foregin agent and but since it is so water soluble , there is no need for enzyne phase 1 to interac with it so it goes straight to phase 2. The glycuronal transfearce phase 2 is used, clucuronic acid molecule
- acitomepnephone problems with the liver
- since there may not be enough glucornic acid in the bloodstream there still may be more drug. The clyochrome p450 then comes into play however the conversion between the cytochrome p450 and the acitomenephen creases n acetyl p bezoquinone which is a very reactive intermediate which affects the liver.
- why cant we just take gluthione as a pill
-
the problem is taht it is a tri peptide which gets broken down after it hits the stomach
- gluthiane synthesis must contain ?
- cysteine which can be realised into the blood stearm by n acyteliestine which taken with acitompehnon can reduce the damagage of the liver
- what compound is fuond in grapefruit jucie that does not allow the the formation of cytochrome p 450?
- furanocoumarins
- what do cheese, win and salami all have in common?
- they all contain tyramine
- dioxins are what?
- the most toxic man made chemical
- what has to be apart of a dioxin?
- chlorine .. the real worrd for dioxins are tetrac amsfm
- how many cholrins are needed for the development of tcdd
- 4
- auxin is a ?
- plant hormone
- what did agent orange cause to the ppl of vietnam?
- cholrace
- it was found that what was the most potent carcinogen used on animals?
- tcdd
- what would happen when pupl was bleached with paper?
- tcdd was created as a biproduct
- microwaveable plastics are made out of ?
- polypropelene, poletheylne, they are never cholrinated and the microwave can not get heated up quick enough anyways.
- dioxin is a ?
- carcinogen
- what is the difference btween 245 d and 245 t?
- d has only 2 cholrins and t has 4 which make it a dioxin