HORT 105
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- 4 - square garden design
- "outdoor Room", paths, kitchen garden, 4 equal sizes, crop rotation
- All-American Trials
- Trial of annual cultivars to determine best overall performance for every climate - best represented US climate
- What are some components of a formalized garden?
- paths, symmetry, focal point, benches
- What type of plan does the Master Gardeners' IDEA have?
- modification of the 4-square design, not a true kitchen garden
- Substrate
- Medium used for growing plants
- * Friable
- perfect balance of texture (often a loam) easy to work with, dry, crumbly
- Peat Moss
-
Decomposted plants/animals.
Provides organic matter for retention of nutrients & water - Perlite
-
Volcanic Material.
Improves aeration & drainage. Acts as a soil insulator - Vermiculite
-
Clay/Minerals.
Space for air, water, nutrients, improves aeration/drainage - Soil Survey
- records soil types & characteristics all over the state.
- What are good characteristics of a good soilles media?
- uniform size, well-drained, pest-free, good aeration, retains moisture, low-soluble salts
- * Determinate
- Pre-set flower buds plants grow vegetatively up to a point, then they enter the reproductive growth phase
- Sun Scald
- lack of protective folliage exposes fruit to intense sunlight causing a burn
- Blossom End Rot
- Calcium deficiency (maintain even watering)
- Cracking
- caused by fluctuations in soil moisture
- Climacteric
- Fruit continue to ripen & travel long distances
- Lycopene
- non-nutrietive carotenoid (disease prevention)
- Capsaicin
- fat soluble alkaloid compund that concentrates in seeds and placenta of fruit
- Scoville Units
- meauring heat of capsasin oil by diluting oil from a pepper variety w/ drops of water
- Why is it that tomatoes can be harvested immature & then shipped long distances?
- Climateric & lycopene. They continue to ripen after harvest & have disease prevention compounds
- Tomatillo
- originated in Mexico, harvested immature, tart, citric taste & apple like texture
- Common problems with growing tomatoes & peppers
- tomato Hornworm, blossom end rot, cracking, sun scald
-
What causes the hotness of peppers?
Where is it concentrated?
How can you put it out? -
Capsaicin oil
Seeds & placenta of fruit
Starchy or fatty foods - Macro nutrients
- Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Potassium
- Secondary Nutrients
- Calcium, Magnessium, Sodium
- Liming
- Replaces H+ w/ Ca2+ ions, adjusts pH
- Incorporation
- Rototill in soil
- Side-dress
- next to plant
- Fertilizer Grade
- guranteed minimum % of total N, P, K available
- Mobility of Macronutrients
-
Nitrogen - most mobile, therfore the most leaching occurs
Phosphorous & Potassium are immobile nutrients
They replenish plants with nutrients - Optimum pH range for most plants?
- 6.2-6.8, this is where the most nutrients are available.
- Difference between solid and liquid fertlizers?
-
Solid - slow release
Liquid - fast release & plants uptake instantly - How do you determine fertilizer application rates?
- Bag of fertilizer, know fertilizer grade, send soil samples to lab & then do calculation
- Law of Diminishing Returns
- How much spent vs. how much is produced
- Micronutrient treated Beets with
- Boron
- Microorganism treated Beans with
- Rhizobium
- what is the purpose of treating beans with Rhizobium?
- so they develop nodules in order to get Nitrogen to the plant
- Specialists
- insects that attack a small range of plants
- Generalists
- insects attack a wide variety of plants or many plant families
- Suckers
- suck out plant juices
- Chewers
- chew/digest vegetative & reproductive parts of plant
- Pyrethrum
- organic pesticide & control: cucumber beetle, squash bugs, mealy bugs, moth larvae
- Frass
- Insect poop
- Beneficials
- feed on insects that eat the plants
- Bt
- Bacilus Thuringeinsis, organic pesticide for moths & butterflies
- Rotenone
- control beetles, thrips & looper, organic
- Insects that Suck
- aphids, spidermites, thrips, leaf hoppers, white flies
- Insects that Chew
- Colorado Potato beetle, Corn borer, flea beetle, cabbage worm, Japanese beetle
- Generalists (EX)
- Grasshopper, aphid, Japanese Beetle
- Specialists (EX)
- Green Lacewig, assasin bug, lady bird
- Organic Pesticides
- BT, Pyrethrum, Rotenone, neem
- Syntheic Pesticides
- Sevin, Pounce, Lorbsan
- Annual
- Single growing season
- Biennial
- Lasts 2 growing seasons, blooms second year
- Perennial
- Lasts more than 2 years
- Hebicide
- Chemical used for killing pests
- Preemergent vs. postemergent herbicide
-
Pre- rapidly broken down in soil & can be used to kill weeds before crop seeds emerge
POST - applied after plant emerges - Doctrine of Signatures
- people believed the part of the plant that looked like the body part was beneficial to that body part.
- Three Sisters
- Corn, Bean, Squash - Beans may grow up corn stalks, squash between corn rows saves space and reduces soil moisture loss, beans Fix nitrogen & gives to plants
- Heirloom
- may re-plant (true to type)
- Germination Test
- % of seeds germinated under lab conditions
- viability
- how long seeds will last
- Hardening off
- slows rigorous growth, protective cuticle, plant gets used to harsher conditions & cooler weather, stores sugar/starch
- Sets
- small bulbs, onions
- Crowns
- roots, below ground tissue, new stalks come from
- Seed pieces
- tissue w/ pre-formed buds (potato)
- Cuttings
- part of stalk is removed & allowed to take root elsewhere
-
Why do vegetable seeds undergo chemical treatment?
Problem for organic farmers? -
To ensure no pest, fungi
No organic fungicides -
How long can most seeds be stored?
Seeds that cannont be stored long -
1-2 years
Onion, parsley, parsnip -
Advantages to direct seedling?
Transplanting? -
- don't have to be hardened off, inexpensive, root system not disturbed, acclimate better
- start sooner & get an earlier crop, extend growing season - Essential oils
- Volatile = preservation, flavor & aroma
- * intermediate harvesting
- promote vigorous foliage growth (remove flowers)
- Fine Vs. Robust
-
Fine - eaten uncooked
Robust - added to foods while cooked - anti-oxidants
- rid body of damaged cells
- Herbs Vs. Spices
-
Herbs - vegetative part of plants, leaves, stem, temperate climate, more subtle flavor
Spices - more pungent, seeds, roots, bark, grown tropics - Both herbs & spices
- Cilantro, corriander, anise
- Why do herbs have mild pest problems compared to most vegetables?
- Volatile oils keep pests away
- Herbs that can be grown vegetatively?
- rosemarry, Thyme, mint
- Terracotta
- Lose moisture rapidly, resist weather conditions better
- Pot bound
- will grow only as big as the container allows
- ethylene
- need air exchange in soil or else toxic builds up
- Ways to ensure good drainage in container gardens
- drian holes, 1 inch course gravel, make sure holes not blocked
- Ways to make sure vegetables recieve adequate photoperiod?
- Place near a south-facing window, place light over the plant
- What characteristics make a plant good for container gardening?
- shallow root system
- * Food spoilage
- any change in food that makes it less desireable
- Foodborne illness
- illness derived from food microorganism
- canning
- preserves food by heating high temperatures driving out oxygen (vacuum)
- Drying
- low moisture content prevents spoilage, microbes & chemical/biological reactions
- Curring
- salting reduces water availability to microbes & chemical reactions
- Jams
- whole fruit to a pulp w/ sugar
- Jellies
- fruit juice & sugar set w/ pectin or gelatin
- fermenting
- encourage growth of some bacteria, which consume part of food & create byproducts
- freezing
- slow chemical reactions, inhibit microbial growth
- What are various factors that you can adjust in order to make food safe?
-
Temperature - higher or lower, enzymes denatured in chemical reactions
pH - higher or lower, inhibits microbial growth *4.6 magic # for killing boutilism
Water Availability - high concentrations of salt/sugar make water unavialable
Oxygen - necessary for spoilage - Hilling
- make a mound over potato keeps tubers exposed from sun
- * Straw Potatoes
- Potatoes grown in 4-6 inches of straw, cooler, uniform temps (due to drainage issues)
- *Collinsville, IL
- World's horseradish supply
- Cloves
- fleshy leaf structure (of garlic)
- Scales
- Flesh leaves of onion bulbs
- Allicin
- Garlic
- isothincynate
- horseradish
- Why do potatoes require hilling?
- keeps tubers from sun exposure
- Why should you plant radishes & carrots together in the same row?
- because radishs grow quickly, help break soil crust
- *late-season onions:
- intense pungent flavor, good storage
- *Early-season onions:
- sweeter & milder, Higher water content, burise easily, don't store well
- Examples of Tap roots, Lateral roots, Bulbs, Tubers
-
Tap - carrots, radishes
Lateral - sweet potatoes
bulbs - garlic
Tubers - potatoes - Symbiotic
- Rhizobioum nitrogen fixation
- Rhizobium
- Nitrogen fixation that the plant can use
- Root Nodules
- uptake of nitrogen & form into Nitrogen plant can use
- Fixation
- N2 into NH4 or NO3 ammonium or nitrate that the plant can use
- bush bean
- free standing
- Nitrification
- changes NH4 - NO3 form
- green manure
- plant till into soil
- cover crop
- reduces erosion, acts as mulch
- alfalfa
- good cover crop
- pole bean
- grow on pole
- Healthy legume nodules VS. unhealthy nodules
-
Healthy: pink, red color inside
Unhealthy: white/green inside -
Advantages to using legumes as green manures & cover crops?
Examples of legumes as cover crops -
catch & fix soil nitrogen, mulch, habitat for beneficial insects, supress weeds, retain moisture
EX: clover, alfalfa, fava beans, field peas