Environmental Biology
Terms
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- gram positive bacteria
- bacteria that have a peptidoglycan bilayer encasing it. Penicillin works.
- gram negative bacteria
- bacteria that have a plasmic membrane that doesn't allow penicillin through. other antidotes attack the bacteria by destroying the DNA inside
- prokaryotic cell
- very simple and small. no compartmentalization, only protein goo.
- eukaryotic cell
- compartmentalized. nucleus tells the other organelles what to do
- Origin of the nucleus
- folds occur in the plasmic membrane and eventually encase a strand of DNA in a bubble.
- Theory of endosymbiosis
- a piece of gunk is encased within a cell and becomes a compartment of its own, serving a function to the cell. i.e. chloroplast
- animal cell vs. plant cell
-
animals have lysosomes-digestive tracks-
plants have chloroplasts, vacuoles, and cell walls - manufacturing of DNA in cell
- ribosomes take sugars
- mitochondria distinguishing populations
- mRNA transform very slowly and get passed from mother to child, making little room for alteration by entering individuals
- sympatric speciation
- divergent selection--extremes thrive and don't mate amongst one another because of behavioral traits
- allopatric speciation
- physical seperation like river not allowing individuals to intermate
- Plasmids
- a double strand of DNA formed into a ring. makes it easier to read and able to add a strand to alter the individual
- Transformation
- uptake a naked DNA
- Transduction
- virus serves as a DNA taxi
- Conjugation
- direct transfer by pili-grippers on bacteria-between two individuals
- Eubacteria
- true bacteria, heterotrophic, aerobic, responsible for evolution of Krebs cycle
- Archaea
- anaerobic, no peptidoglycan,live in extreme habitats
- Eukarya
- animals and any other form of life
- Bacteria in the nitrogen cycle
- legume-rhizobilum symbiosis: root secretes flavenoids, root becomes infected, tells root to fix nitrogen
- Viruses
- contains proteins in lipid bilayer, and markers that attach to host. needs to use host to reproduce. tells body to kill itself
- Lytic vs. Lysogenic life cycle of virus
-
Lytic: virus plants DNA where it becomes reproduced to the point where the cell explodes with lots more viruses
Lysogenic:cell reproduces multiple times spreading with virus DNA - polyphyletic vs. monophyletic
- can't trace back to single common ancestor
- problems caused by protists
- blight, maleria and giardia passed, red tides
- Protists
- single celled eukaryotes that move via cilia, flagella, or pseudopods
- Hyphae vs. mycelium
- many hyphae make up mycellial networks
- Arbuscular mycorrhizae
- grow into the plant's roots helping them absorb nutrients and water
- Ecto-mycorrhizae
- grow up and around the plant's roots to help them absorb nutrients and water
- Auxin
- hormones telling plant to grow in apical meristem
- Cytokinins
- hormones telling plant to grow across lateral meristem
- ethylene
- hormones telling plant to ripen and produce seeds, leaves, flowers and fruit
- absicic acid
- hormones telling plant to be dormant
- gametophytes
- haploid stage where male and female are seperate. dominant in moss
- sporophytes
- diploid stage where male and female are combined. dominant in ferns and seed plants
- Why are ferns and mosses found in low lying, moist habitats?
- They have no root system or supportive tissue to let them stand up and require moist habitats to obtain nutrients
- WHy are embryos found in seeds?
- seeds provide protection, trap moisture and nutrients
- phytoremediation
- process where plants remove toxins from the soil
- phytovolatilization
- plants release broken down toxins
- phytodegeneration
- plant breaks down toxins into smaller elements
- phytoaccumulation
- plant holds in toxins where they can be harvested
- Defining characteristics of animals
- mobile-can move independently, heterotrophic, multicellular
- choanoflagellates
- take food from water column, have no structural plan so they can grow back easily-every part acts the same, eats by taking from water that passes by it
- Porifera-sponges
- multicellular, made from many cells of choanoflagellates
- Cnidaria-jellyfish, sea anemones
- tissues, radial symmetry, medusa-free floating- and polyp-sessile-stage
- Ctenophora-comb jellies
- swallow things that bump into it, radial symmetry
- Platyhelminthes-flatworms
- head and foot. cestodes-weakens host by removing nutrients-i.e. melnin in fish. terballeria-hand comes out of belly to eat, one opening for ingestion and excretion
- Nematodes
- pseudocoelom, nutrients diffuse in, parasites in humans, live in soil or host.
- Rotifers
- feeding coordination rotation of cilia on corona, pseudocoelom- body cavity forms between endo and mesoderm
- Mollusca-snails, clams, squid
- bilateral symmetry, muscular foot, one way digestive track, coelom-body cavity w/in mesoderm,rasping tongue is feeding organ
- Echinoderms-sea stars, sand dollars
- deuterostomes-anus first,endo skeleton, tube foot, water vascular system for gripping and movement(coelom), reproduce sexually
- Annelida-segmented worms
- segmentation-localized compartments that each perform functions, water vascular system, hold on to soil with little hairs as it moves along
- Arthropoda-insects, spiders, crestaceans, myriapoda
- crestacea-10 legs, spiders-8 legs, insects-6 legs, myriapods-hundreds of legs
- Insecta
-
Coleoptera-beetles
Hymenoptera-wasps, bees, ants(parasitoids:kill one)
lepidoptera-butterflies and moths - Moths
- saturniids-die quickly, only alive for reproduction. sphingids-eat from deep corolla flowers, live longer
- Chordata-vertebrates
- dorsal hollow nerve cord, gill slits, notochord, muscular tail extending past anus
- Chordata-subphylum verbrata
- cartilidge forms around nerve cord, cranium protects brain, brain coordinates movement and senses, kidney, liver, heart, jaws and teeth
- Oxygen Revolution
- Respiration possible-aerobic more efficient, dominance of aerobes-bigger, ozone layer forms-protects against harmful rays
- endoplasmic reticulum-rough and smooth
-
produces proteins and enzymes
rough:with ribosomes-proteins
smooth:no ribosomes-enzymes - ribosomes
- composed of rRNA and mRNA who translate material into protein
- golgi apparatus
- mRNA receives instructions to produce protein and expell from cell
- plasma membrane
- proteins embedded w/in phospholipid bilayer. communicates with inside and outside of cell-direct, paracrine, endocrine
- mitochondria
- place of respiration
- gene
- basic unit of heredity. sequence of nucleotides
- genotype
- genetic constitution underlying a trait
- phenotype
- realized expression of a genotype-genes acting together to build an outcome