cell bio
Terms
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- monocilia
- 9+0 pattern no dynein nonmotile determine body right and left axis because leftward flow generated
- ribosome
- basophilic because negative phosphate groups hemotoxylin blue have 40S and 60S subunits
- progeria
- defect nuclear lamins also muscular dystrophy
- heliobacter pylori
- also disrupts ZO barrier in epithelium lining of stomach
- OXA
- complex inserts proteins into inner mito membrane or proteins into matrix
- anemia
- due to defect in spectrin synthesis weak structure break easily
- *zellweger syndrome
- peroxisomal enzymes not transported into peroxisome defect import protein
- *cystic fibrosis
- chloride channels blocked Na increase and water flows out result thick mucous also if proteasome degrades CFTR transporter variant
- syndecan
- core protein embedded in cell membrane ex fibroblast co receptor for growth factor
- connexon
- 6 connexins units form nexus gap junction defect deafness neuropathy female infertitility and congenital cataracts
- cancer development
- mutate cadherin or integrin synthesize proteosomes and develop blood supply for metastasis
- neuromelanin
- black brown pigment in neurons highly stained area substantia nigra neuroprotective function
- verhoeff
- elastic fibers black
- **glycogen storage disease
- liver and striated muscle cells skeletal and cardiac shown by PAS rx carb magenta
- endocytosis
- require ATP and Ca macropinocytosis clathrin mediated endocytosis non coated mediated endocytosis and phagocytosis
- PML promyelocytic leukemia bodies
- sites of protein complex assembly and modification for DNA repair and apoptosis
- phaeomealnin
- red yellow pigment red to blonde hair color
- cyanosis
- blue fingernails problem loading oxygenc arbon monoxide poisoning red color cyanide and CO block e- transport in mito
- microvili
- comb like extensions striated brush border with glycocalyx have actin and villin to terminal web myosin 1 stabilize and web contain myosin 2 allows movement
- secondary lysosome
- formed from fusion of autophagosomes and phagosomes with primary lysosome
- dehydration
- use ethanol to remove water
- *nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
- both aquaporin 2 genes are inactivated by mutations normally expressed by renal collecting tubule cells for water reabsorption
- adhesive glycoproteins
- 3 binding sites integrin collage and proteoglycans
- tenasin
- in embryonic tissue
- feulgen reaction
- DNA reddish violet shows nuclear changes in cancer
- lipitor
- increase uptake of cholesterol by liver increase B-oxidation of FA by mito and peroxisomes so increse in number
- *hemosiderosis
- hemosiderin iron pigment brown due to increased absorption ex hemolytic anemia in macrophages of liver and spleen
- pars fibrosa
- newly transcribed rRNA with some proteins
- TOM
- translocator protein outer membrane permeable require SRP
- Q Colchcine vs Cytochalsin
- prevents MT polymerization use to arrest cells at metaphase bs inhibit polymerization of actin
- chondronectin vs osteonectin
- both glycoprotein cartilage vs bone
- marfan syndrome
- defect fibrillin 1 aortic aneurysm and myopia pectus excavatum
- nondifferentiated nucleus
- malignancy common well differentiated benign basophilic because phosphate groups on nucleic acids
- cytoplasmic inclusions
- stored food glycogen fat NOT protein and pigments exogenous and endogenous
- early endosome vs late
- cell periphery vs near golgi and nucleus lower PH where ligand dissociates
- basement membrane
- basal lamina +lamino fibrorecticularis
- estrogen
- anti aoptotic effect on osteoblasts loss leads to decreased cell lifespan inactivate bad by phosphorylation
- interchromatin granule clusters
- speckles mature snRNPs present for pre-mRNA splicing
- mallory triple
- used to show fibrosis nuclei red muscle red to orange *collagen blue* hyaline cartilage blue
- *eosin
- secretory vesicles lysosomes mitochondria and type 1 collagen stain pink bc acid
- nissl
- ribosomes blue
- laminin and nidogen
- found in basal lamina
- Rosenthals fibers
- glial fibillary acidic proteins astrocytes agrregates also astrocytomas form no cross links
- lipid rafts
- small areas where cholesterol concentrated thicker region proteins aggregate to area receptors for cell signaling signaling platform
- gel-sol phases
- dynamic sol fluid phase motile allows movement
- tay sachs disease
- sphingolipidosis accumulate lipids
- drugs inhibit polymerization of MT
- colchicine vinblastine and vincristine but taxol inhibits depolymerization
- lamina fibroreticularis
- secreted by fibroblasts fibronectin and collagen connected by anchoring filaments
- *cancer and Akt
- have greater concentration of cholesterol more lipid rafts used as cholesterol inhibitor induce apoptosis because less lipid rafts down regulated cell survival signaling molecule
- type 1
- most common dermis tendon bone and teeth defect ehlers danlos type 7 hypermobility of joints or osteogensisimperfecta spontaneous fractures
- microtubules
- largest 13 protofilaments composed of tubulin dimers one longitudinal other perpendicular polymerize with GTP cell division and motility also transport
- *neurotoxins
- SNAREprotein allow vesicle to recognize target ex botulism enter nerve terminals and destroy SNARE proteins prevents docking of neurotransmitters result braking effect on motor neurons paralysis because no trasnmssion
- tau
- microtubule associated protein stabilize MT defect alzheimers disease disrupt structure neurofibrillary tangles
- immunocytomchemistry
- direct antibody w/ tag indirect 2nd antibody w/ tag can use to detect tumor origin
- nucleolus
- synthesize 4 types of rRNA no membrane
- lipid bilayer
- 3 types of lipids mostly phospholipids trilaminar appearance from polar and nonpolar regions
- parkinson disease
- substantia nigra dark region is pale or gone
- transitional epithelium
- urothelium specialized type of stratified can change shape full pressure squaumous empty cuboidal relaxed
- proteoglycans
- linear chains of GAGs bound by protein core linked to hyaluronic acid proteoglycan aggregatea aggrecan syndecans and perlecan
- type 4
- basal lamina
- rER
- synthesis of proteins and enzymes and phospholipids require flip flop via scrambelase cristernae lamina ex pancreatic acinar cells
- zona occuldens
- have claudins for tight junction defect renal cells excessive loss of mg in urine on cytoplasmic side
- ehlers danlos type 6
- defect collagen weak
- parkinsons disease
- defective ubiquination of proteins
- fixation
- use formalin glutaraldyhyde preservs tissue cross link proteins
- cholera
- toxin specific to ZO proteins loosens tight junctions increases permeability
- caspases
- signal apoptosis extrinsic death receptor and caspase 8 used or intrinsic pathways cyt c release signal and caspase 9 used
- *cholera toxin
- negative charge gylcolipids noncytosolic lipid monolayer recpetor enters cell by binding receptor increase synthesis of cyclic adenosine monophosphate move Na and waterto intestine diarrhea
- *Duchennes muscular dystrophy
- due to dystrophin defect normal linker protein for structural support
- epithelial cells
- avascular but exception stria vascularis in cochlea is vascular
- nucleolar organizer DNA
- sequence of bases that code template for transcription of rRNA
- type 7
- anchors lamina
- heart failure cells
- increase fluidin lungs breakdown tissue use hemosiderin brown color
- Q cytokeratin
- epithelial cells acidophilic *mallory bodies* alcoholic liver disease and epidermolysis bullosa defect not connected blisters common
- cardiolipin
- decreased permeability of inner membrane have TIM 22 and 23
- desmin vs vimentin
- in striated muscle and smooth muscle vs mesodermal tissue
- striations
- basal infolding of plasalemma palisades arrangement ion transporting cells
- Nephritis
- thickened basement membrane kidney
- clearing
- use xylene prepares tissue for embedding
- collagen
- acidophilic glycine every third aa many types defect keloid scar
- *multidrug resistance MDR-1
- cancer cells resistant to drugs because overexpression of protein which pump agents out of cell
- lamina lucida
- laminin entactin integrin and dystroglycans artifact doesn't exist lving cell
- lipofuscin
- brown yellow pigment lipids metals and organic material accumulates in long lived cells ex neurons cardiac and skeletal cells shows stress level increase with age
- terminal web
- formed from actin microfilaments
- lamina densa
- type 4 collagen fibronectin and perlecan overexpress tumor promote angiogensis
- kinesin vs dynein
- toward periphery - to + vs toward nucleus + to -
- classified two factors
- cell layers and shape of cells also sometimes specializations
- *creutzfeldt jacob disease
- normal prion protein on outer surface of plasmalemma of neurons is converted to abnormal form which stiumlates other cells to change to abnormal infectious
- *Dubin johnson syndrome
- MDR-2 protein transports conjugated bilirubin defective in this genetic disorder
- autophagic pathways
- 3 macroautophagy microautophagy and chaperone accumulated wase from lipofuscin
- sER
- acidophilic because no ribosomes cristernae tubular steroid syntheis and phospholipids detoxification drugs storage and release ex intestinal cells of testes
- perlecan
- found in basement membrane also proteoglycan proliferation development and growth factor
- lamin
- disassembly phosphorylated assembly dephosphorylated
- in situ carinoma
- hasn't penetrated basal lamina
- cilia
- motile require ATP 9+2 pattern use dynein
- brain cancer
- loss of claudin defect blood brain barrier broken
- nuclear pore
- 8 subunits continuous with rER permeable to ions also receptormediated transport require energy
- lewy bodies
- halo around accumulation if neuropathy neural filaments have cross links for support
- pompes disease
- glycogenosis accumulate glycogen
- *cardiomyopathy
- thick filaments protein myosin defect
- metachormatic
- dye changes color ex blue to red or dark purple in prescence of structure ex mast cell
- endogenous pigments
- hemoglobin hemosiderin bilirubin melanin lipfuscin
- glycosaminoglycans GAGs
- linear polymer of disaccharides negative charge attract fluid resist compression
- macula adherin
- desmosome achor proteins contain cytokeratin intermediate filament and desmoglein and desmocollin part of cadherins
- chromatin
- basophilic hemotoxylin heterochromatin silent euchromatin active
- fibronectin
- binds integrin collagen heparin heparan sulfate and hyaluronic acid in connective tissue
- porocytosis
- constitutive pathway change structure forms channel
- downregulation vs upregulation
- ex adipose tissue exposed to high concentration of insulin decrease number of insulin receptors vs increase number of receptors ex GnRH when hormone present
- phagocytosis
- mediated by receptors dependent on actin not clathrin use phagosome fuse with lysosomes
- eumelanin
- brown black pigment protection from UV radiation in epidermis and retina supranuclear arrangement
- microfilaments
- thin smallest composed of actin strucuture support movement and cytokinesis and binidng protein myosin
- FISH
- fluorescent in situ hybridization shows expression level ex HER2
- Acid vs Base staining
- acid negative charge and base positive ex nucleus - and mito +
- prussian blue
- used to show excessive iron accumulation in hemochromatosis blue
- *osmic acid
- lipids black
- *trypan blue
- macrophages blue living observe what it digests
- cytoplasm
- part of cell external to nucleus susupends orgnelles and inclusions
- trilaminar appearance
- heavy metal salt stains membrane high affinity for polar head and no atrraction to tails 2 electron dense regions and central lucent region
- macropinocytosis
- ex take up thyroglobulin by thyroid cells actin process and nonspecific ingestion
- silver methods
- intermediate filaments of nerve cells glial cells and reticular fibers black
- GEMs gemini of cajal bodies
- contain survival of motor neuron protein synthesis of snRNPs
- mitochondria
- acipophilic eosin stain pink elongated threadlike structures reproduce by fission
- describe steps to process tissue for light microscopy
- fixation dehydration clearing embedding sectioning mounting and staining
- stereocilia
- not microvili different elongated microvili nonmotile ex cells of ductus epididymis
- *hematoxylin
- RNA DNA ribosomes and rER stain blue bc basic
- COP II vs COP I
- used for anterograde transport from ER to cis golgi vs retrograde transport from golgi return v-snareproteins and ER proteins
- caveolae mediated endocytosis
- shuttle vesicle to other side
- breast cancer
- estrogen receptors HER2/neu epidermal growth factor receptor family overexpressed stain brown with anticytokeratin immunoperoxidase
- exogenous pigments
- carotene yellow orange fat soluble carrots and tomatoes also inhaled dust carbon macrophages in lungs digest and appear dark
- bortezomib
- inhibits proteasome used against multiple myeloma works because decrease degradation of apoptotic facotrs promotes apoptosis of cancer cells
- bulbous pemphigoid
- autoantibodies against type 17 collagen hemidesmosome defect
- type 2
- elastic slender and branched fibers shown with resorcin fushsin and verhoeff stains contain proelastin microfibril and fibrillin
- bilirubin
- yellow brown pigment increased in liver disease ex jaundice skin and sclera yellow
- cajal bodies
- snRNA get final modifications
- clathrin mediated endocytosis
- coated pits dynamin GTPase needed to pinch off vesicle mediated by recpetor ex cholesterol uptake adaptin used then vesicle uncoated
- COPs coat proteins
- coordinate movement of intracellular vesicles 2 pathways constitutive and regulated both require Ca and ATP
- type 3
- reticular cells reticular fibers react with silver argyrophilic and PAS ehlers danlos syndrome type 4
- ground substance
- hydrated fills space provides structure and diffusion contains GAGs and proteoglycans
- basal lamina
- lamina lucida and lamina densa regions secreted by epithelial and muscles lucida artifact not in lving state
- catalase
- stain appear black depositsfroms water and oxygen from hydrogen peroxide
- pemphigus vulgaris
- antibodies againstdesmoglein disrupts connection to skin blistering skin
- phosphatidylserine
- located in cytosolic lipid monolayer normal translocated to extracellular lipid monolayer marks cell for apoptosis
- in situ hybridization
- uses complementary nucleic acid probes to identify nuclei acid sequence ex virus hpv or specific genes ex BRCA also
- pass checkpoint
- with caffeine and hydroxyurea
- lipid storage disease
- osmic acid black or space when use lipid soluble agent in adipocytes and hepatocytes but reversible ex fatty liver
- centriole
- centrosome has 2 MT in 9 X 3 pattern replicate form basal bodies
- Grave disease
- increaed GAG ex hyaluronic acid and chondrotin sulfate in orbit excessive pressure protrude eyeball
- mannose 6 phosphate
- tag for lysosomal enzymes in golgi
- cytokinesis
- actin and myosin used contract to divide cytoplasm
- NA
- light collecting ability
- *hemochromatosis
- severe accumulation of iron due to genetic defect excessive absorption
- mutations in mto DNA
- alzheimers parkinson lebers hereditary optic neuropathy blindness
- matrix
- enzymes for B-oxidation granules affinity for Ca and Mg storage
- zonula adherins
- contain cateins and actin attach also cadherins
- iron hemotoxylin
- nuclear elements chromosomes mito centrioles and muscle striation dark blue to black
- defect moncilia
- polycystic kidney disease vision and hearing loss
- *alzheimers disesae
- B-amyloid precursor protein defect accumulate long B-amyloid form plaques resistant to proteolysis important for neuronal migration affects memory and cell adhesion
- peroxisome
- also perform B-oxidation help out mito when cholesterol high also syntheis of plasmalogens found in myelin defect affects nerve cells
- cytosol
- part of cytoplasm without organelles and inclusions usually 55% of volume and 20% proteins metabolic rx's occur here
- *PAS reaction
- carbohydrates magenta used in glycogen storage disease and alpha antitrypsin deficiency in liver cells
- embedding
- fill tissuewith paraffin to make it hard to allow sectioning
- pars granulosa
- maturing subunits of rRNA
- albino
- no eumelanin because tyrosinase not functional but increased if addisons disease
- **kartagener syndrome
- immotile cilia because defect or no dynein male sterile and bronchiectasis also can't clear mucous infection common primary ciliary dyskinesia
- Golgi
- appear pale in hematoxylin eosin staining because no ribosomes cis convex toward ER trans concave
- *atherosclerosis
- defect when there is decrease in LDL receptors