Issues in Evolutionary Medicine

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arenas: NOUN: 1a. An enclosed area for the presentation of sports events and spectacles. b. A building housing such an area 2. A place or scene where forces contend or events unfold: withdrew from the political arena; the world as an arena of moral conflict. 3. The area in the center of an ancient Roman amphitheater where contests and other spectacles were held
atresia: NOUN: 1. The absence or closure of a normal body orifice or tubular passage such as the anus, intestine, or external ear canal. 2. The degeneration and resorption of one or more ovarian follicles before a state of maturity has been reached
oocytes: NOUN: A cell from which an egg or ovum develops by meiosis; a female gametocyte
ovulate: NTRANSITIVE VERB: Inflected forms: o·vu·lat·ed, o·vu·lat·ing, o·vu·lates
To produce ova; discharge eggs from the ovary.
uterus: NOUN: Inflected forms: pl. u·ter·i (yt-r) or u·ter·us·es
1. A hollow muscular organ located in the pelvic cavity of female mammals in which the fertilized egg implants and develops. Also called womb. 2. A corresponding part in other animals.
eugenics: NOUN: (used with a sing. verb) The study of hereditary improvement of the human race by controlled selective breeding
asymmetrically: ADJECTIVE: 1. Having no balance or symmetry. 2. Chemistry Of or relating to a carbon atom having four different atoms or structural groups attached to it, resulting in an unbalanced spatial arrangement of atoms in a molecule, so that the molecule cannot be superimposed on its mirror image; chiral.
phenotypic: NOUN: 1a. The observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism, as determined by both genetic makeup and environmental influences. b. The expression of a specific trait, such as stature or blood type, based on genetic and environmental influences. 2. An individual or group of organisms exhibiting a particular phenotype.
apoptosis: NOUN: Disintegration of cells into membrane-bound particles that are then eliminated by phagocytosis or by shedding.
miscarriage: NOUN: 1. The premature expulsion of a nonviable fetus from the uterus. Also called spontaneous abortion. 2a. Bad administration; mismanagement. b. A failure of administration or management: a miscarriage of justice
histocompatibility: NOUN: Inflected forms: pl. his·to·com·pat·i·bil·i·ties
A state or condition in which the absence of immunological interference permits the grafting of tissue or the transfusion of blood without rejection.
thesis: NOUN: Inflected forms: pl. the·ses (-sz)
1. A proposition that is maintained by argument. 2. A dissertation advancing an original point of view as a result of research, especially as a requirement for an academic degree. 3. A hypothetical proposition, especially one put forth without proof. 4. The first stage of the Hegelian dialectic process. 5a. The long or accented part of a metrical foot, especially in quantitative verse. b. The unaccented or short part of a metrical foot, especially in accentual verse. 6. Music The accented section of a measure.
mitochondrion: NOUN: Inflected forms: pl. mi·to·chon·dri·a (-dr-)
A spherical or elongated organelle in the cytoplasm of nearly all eukaryotic cells, containing genetic material and many enzymes important for cell metabolism, including those responsible for the conversion of food to usable energy. Also called chondriosome.
ratchet: NOUN: 1. A mechanism consisting of a pawl that engages the sloping teeth of a wheel or bar, permitting motion in one direction only. 2. The pawl, wheel, or bar of this mechanism
cytoplasm: NOUN: The protoplasm outside the nucleus of a cell.
primordial: ADJECTIVE: 1. Being or happening first in sequence of time; original. 2. Primary or fundamental: play a primordial role. 3. Biology Belonging to or characteristic of the earliest stage of development of an organism or a part: primordial cells.
NOUN: A basic principle.
menses: PLURAL NOUN: (used with a sing. or pl. verb) The monthly flow of blood and cellular debris from the uterus that begins at puberty in women and the females of other primates. In women, menses ceases at menopause. Also called catamenia.
conceptus: NOUN: The product of conception at any point between fertilization and birth. It includes the embryo or the fetus as well as the extraembryonic membranes.
hutterite: NOUN: A member of an Anabaptist sect originating in Moravia and now living communally in parts of Canada and the northwest United States.
anabaptist: : A member of a radical movement of the 16th-century Reformation that viewed baptism solely as an external witness to a believer's conscious profession of faith, rejected infant baptism, and believed in the separation of church from state, in the shunning of nonbelievers, and in simplicity of life.
endogamy: NOUN: 1. Anthropology Marriage within a particular group in accordance with custom or law. 2. Botany Fertilization resulting from pollination among flowers of the same plant. 3. Biology Reproduction by the fusion of gametes of similar ancestry.
contraception: NOUN: Intentional prevention of conception or impregnation through the use of various devices, agents, drugs, sexual practices, or surgical procedures.
locus: NOUN: Inflected forms: pl. loÂ·ci (-s, -k, -k)
1. A locality; a place. 2. A center or focus of great activity or intense concentration: â€œthe cunning exploitation of loci of power; the insulation from normal American societyâ€ (Clifton Fadiman). 3. Mathematics The set or configuration of all points whose coordinates satisfy a single equation or one or more algebraic conditions. 4. The position that a given gene occupies on a chromosome.
HLA: NOUN: The class of major histocompatibility antigens in humans.
loci: NOUN: Plural of locus.
heterozygous: ADJECTIVE: 1. Having different alleles at one or more corresponding chromosomal loci. 2. Of or relating to a heterozygote.
albeits: CONJUNCTION: Even though; although; notwithstanding: clear albeit cold weather.
pedigree: NOUN: 1a. A line of ancestors; a lineage. b. A list of ancestors; a family tree. 2. A chart of an individual's ancestors used in human genetics to analyze Mendelian inheritance of certain traits, especially of familial diseases. 3. A list of the ancestors of a purebred animal.
assortaive: TRANSITIVE VERB: 1. To separate into groups according to kind; classify. 2. To supply with (an appropriate variety or assortment, as of goods).
INTRANSITIVE VERB: 1. To agree in kind; fall into the same class. 2. To associate with others; keep company
exclusive: ADJECTIVE: 1. Excluding or tending to exclude: exclusive barriers. 2. Not allowing something else; incompatible: mutually exclusive conditions. 3. Not divided or shared with others: exclusive publishing rights. 4. Not accompanied by others; single or sole: your exclusive function. 5. Complete; undivided: gained their exclusive attention. 6. Not including the specified extremes or limits, but only the area between them: 20â€“25, exclusive; that is, 21, 22, 23 and 24. 7. Excluding some or most, as from membership or participation: an exclusive club. 8. Catering to a wealthy clientele; expensive: exclusive shops. 9. Linguistics Of, relating to, or being a first person plural pronoun that excludes the addressee, such as we in the sentence Chris and I will be in town tomorrow, so we can stop by your office.
NOUN: 1. A news item initially released to only one publication or broadcaster. 2. An exclusive right or privilege, as to market a product.
demographic: ADJECTIVE: Of or relating to demography.
variance: NOUN: 1a. The act of varying. b. The state or quality of being variant or variable; a variation. c. A difference between what is expected and what actually occurs. 2. The state or fact of differing or of being in conflict. See synonyms at discord. 3. Law a. A discrepancy between two statements or documents in a proceeding. b. License to engage in an act contrary to a usual rule: a zoning variance. 4. Statistics The square of the standard deviation. 5. Chemistry The number of thermodynamic variables, such as temperature and pressure, required to specify a state of equilibrium of a system, given by the phase rule
extrinsic: ADJECTIVE: 1. Not forming an essential or inherent part of a thing; extraneous. 2. Originating from the outside; external
abstract: NOUN: A noun that denotes an abstract or intangible concept, such as envy or joy.
offspring: NOUN: Inflected forms: pl. offspring
1. The progeny or descendants of a person, animal, or plant considered as a group. 2. A child of particular parentage. 3. A result; a product.
menopause: NOUN: The period marked by the natural and permanent cessation of menstruation, occurring usually between the ages of 45 and 55.
phenotype: NOUN: 1a. The observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism, as determined by both genetic makeup and environmental influences. b. The expression of a specific trait, such as stature or blood type, based on genetic and environmental influences. 2. An individual or group of organisms exhibiting a particular phenotype.
plasticity: ADJECTIVE: 1. Capable of being shaped or formed: plastic material such as clay. See synonyms at malleable. 2. Relating to or dealing with shaping or modeling: the plastic art of sculpture. 3. Having the qualities of sculpture; well-formed: â€œthe astonishing plastic beauty of the chorus girlsâ€ (Frank Harris). 4. Giving form or shape to a substance: the plastic forces that create and wear down a mountain range. 5. Easily influenced; impressionable. 6. Made of a plastic or plastics: a plastic garden hose. 7. Physics Capable of undergoing continuous deformation without rupture or relaxation. 8. Biology Capable of building tissue; formative. 9. Marked by artificiality or superficiality; synthetic: a plastic world of fad, hype, and sensation. 10. Informal Of or obtained by means of credit cards: plastic money.
NOUN: 1. Any of various organic compounds produced by polymerization, capable of being molded, extruded, cast into various shapes and films, or drawn into filaments used as textile fibers. 2. Objects made of plastic. 3. Informal A credit card or credit cards: would accept cash or plastic in payment.
drosophila: NOUN: Any of various small fruit flies of the genus Drosophila, especially D. melanogaster, used extensively in genetic research.
fecundity: NOUN: 1. The quality or power of producing abundantly; fruitfulness or fertility. 2. Productive or creative power: fecundity of the mind.
ethanol: NOUN: See alcohol (sense
leptin: NOUN: A neurotransmitter produced by fat cells and involved in the regulation of appetite.
fission: NOUN: 1. The act or process of splitting into parts. 2. A nuclear reaction in which an atomic nucleus, especially a heavy nucleus such as an isotope of uranium, splits into fragments, usually two fragments of comparable mass, releasing from 100 million to several hundred million electron volts of energy. 3. Biology An asexual reproductive process in which a unicellular organism divides into two or more independently maturing daughter cells.
VERB: Inflected forms: fis·sioned, fis·sion·ing, fis·sions

TRANSITIVE VERB: To cause (an atom) to undergo fission.
INTRANSITIVE VERB: To undergo fission.
germs: NOUN: 1. Biology A small mass of protoplasm or cells from which a new organism or one of its parts may develop. 2. The earliest form of an organism; a seed, bud, or spore. 3. A microorganism, especially a pathogen. 4. Something that may serve as the basis of further growth or development: the germ of a project.
criterion: NOUN: Inflected forms: pl. cri·te·ri·a (-tîr-) or cri·te·ri·ons
A standard, rule, or test on which a judgment or decision can be based. See synonyms at standard.
deviation: NOUN: 1. The act of deviating or turning aside. 2. An abnormality; a departure: â€œVice was a deviation from our natureâ€ (Henry Fielding). 3. Deviant behavior or attitudes. 4. Divergence from an accepted political policy or party line. 5. Deflection of a compass needle caused by local magnetic influence, especially on a ship. 6. Statistics The difference, especially the absolute difference, between one number in a set and the mean of the set.
epithelial: NOUN: Inflected forms: pl. ep·i·the·li·ums or ep·i·the·li·a (-l-)
Membranous tissue composed of one or more layers of cells separated by very little intercellular substance and forming the covering of most internal and external surfaces of the body and its organs.
testosterone: NOUN: A white crystalline steroid hormone, C19H28O2, produced primarily in the testes and responsible for the development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics. It is also produced synthetically for use in medical treatment.

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