FSW 361 Exam 1
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
-
-____ often drives our interactions
-this part of us comes from ____ in our lives -
-unconscious
-patterns -
States that "human beings have a pervasive drive to form and maintain at least a minimum quantity of lasting, positive, and significant relationships"
-Who made it? -
-belongingness hypothesis
-Baumeister and Leary, 1995 - -Belongingness is a ___. It is ____
- -need, essential
- what are 4 survival benefits of relationships?
-
1. supplies a mate
2. share food
3. child care
4. advantage over individual - Our need to belong consists of 2 things:
-
1. frequent and positive interactions with at least a few people
2. stability~consistency over time - If you are the one ending a relationship, you first feel ___, then ____
- relief, guilt
-
-5 important needs we can only get met in close relationship
-who? -
-1. intimacy
2. social integration
3. need to be nurtured
4. need for assistance
5. reassurance
-Weiss - -Humanism is based on theories from 3 things
-
1. Rousseau
2. Existentialism
3. Phenomenology -
-look at whole self
-believed people are born basically good and are shaped by nature -
-phenomenology
-Rousseau - struggling to find meaning in life
- existentialism
- ___ refers to a general affectional linkage between persons
- attachment
- ___ is how infants cling to mother long before it can actually recognize her
- organic affection
- ____ proposed that infants develop an attachment to their primary care givers and that from this attachment, they develop ____ ____ ____, or cognitive and emotional blue print, of how relationships are likely to unfold in the future.
- Bowlby, Internal working model
- _____ developed strange situation
- Ainsworth
- 2 aspects of Baumeister and Leary's argument (belongingness theory):
-
1. relationships are good but there can be too much of a good thing
2. Sometimes the loss of a relationship can be replaced with another - Mikulincer and Segal (1990) 4 subtypes of loneliness feelings:
-
1. depressive loneliness (can involve longing for a loved one)
2. emotional isolation (feeling rejected)
3. esteem loneliness (fear, shame, and alienation)
4. social estrangement (no social ties) - The most common type of research is ____, and it includes:
- self-report: questionnaires, interviews, behavioral records, and personal accounts
- ____ are the most popular type of research because they are inexpensive and easy to administer and can vary in length
- questionnaires
- _____ involve having participants record experiences in a type of journal
- behavioral records
- _____ can include field (naturalistic) or or in the lab.
- observation
- _____ research uses information that already exists in order to answer particular research questions.
- archival
- The choice of research method is affected by the type of _____ and the ____
- question, researcher
- ___ is an orientation toward or away from a particular object that involves an emotion, some sort of belief or knowledge, and a tendency to behave in a certain way.
- attitude
- ___ as an attitude is "an orientation toward or away from a person that consists of a cognitive structure of beliefs and knowledge about the person, affect felt and expressed toward him or her, and behavioral tendencies to approach or avoid that per
- attraction
- ___ (aka emotion)
- affect
- ____ theories are concerned with harmony and are built on the original theory developed by ____
- balance, Heider
- ____ is a balance model particularly relevant to attraction: basic idea is that people have harmony in the people, things, and relationships around them
- A-B-X model
- balance theories say that life is simpler and attraction is greater when people and things are in ____
- harmony
- ____ ____- individuals experience discomfort when they discover that their attitudes are inconsistent with those of a close partner and are motivated to change their attitudes to achieve congruence with the attitudes of the partner
- attitude alignment
- Attraction increases in direct proportion to increases in _____ between the participant and bogus stimulus stranger
- similarity
- ____ ____ emphasizes the rewarding and punishing aspects of people's interactions and has led to considerable research about close relationships, particularly why people do or do not continue them.
- exchange theory
- ____ of ____ is when you get aroused thru an event and then think that arounsal came from a person.
- misattribution of arousal
- ____ ____ are qualities once seen as alluring and fascinating in a romantic partner are often the same or very similar to those considered flaws and weaknesses after a break up.
- fatal attractions
- ____ is the idea that people will interact more in close spaces and therefore become more attracted to each other
- proximity
- people more _______ were better liked
- emotionally expressive
- FRequent nodding and indications of vocal interest were greater for ____ relationships
- friendship
- ____ ____ is the idea that we seek other partners who are of equal attractiveness to us
- matching hypothesis
- ____ theory suggests that stimulus characteristics are important early in a relationship, but in later stages, values and role capability assume greater significance
- SVR (stimulus-value-role)
- ____ ___ were among the most important characteristics to falling in love. Also important were ____ and how well the potential partner ____
- desireable characterstics, similarity, liked the respondent
- _____ is the feeling that emotions and behaviors are given and received fairly equally in a relationship
- reciprocity
- ___ ____ proposes that men and women have different reproductive strategies
- parental investment
- ___ ___ theory proposes that since women and men evolved different short-term and long-term strategies for mate selection, these differences may be expressed in a number of ways
- sexual strategies theory
- ___ ____ theory is a comprehensive theory of relationship development as well as a theory of self-disclosure processes in relationships
- social penetration theory
- ___ ____ refers to overt interpersonal behaviors which take place in social intereaction and internal subjectuive processes which precede, accompany, and follow overt change
- social penetration
- ____ are polar opposites that need to be integrated in order to function optimally
- dialectics
- ___ ___ do not actually predict relationship quality or stability
- romantic beliefs
- ____ ____ are idealized beliefs that relationship partners may have about each other
- positive illusions
- trust is ___ and ___
- intrapersonal, interpersonal
- qualities necessary for trust:
- dependability, faith, responsiveness, and capability of resolving conflict
- 3 important aspects of commitment
-
1. personal comm.
2. moral comm.
3. structural -
-____ _____ represents positive reasons for maintaining a relationship and is related positively to various aspects of relationship quality.
-____ represents negative reasons for maintaining a relationship and is related negatively to various aspect -
-approach commitment
-avoidance commitment - ___ ____ proposes that how much one puts into a relationship is indicative of commitment as well as other relational qualities
- investment model
- _____ theory emphasizes the degree to which relational partners are reciprocally involved in the relationship and involves 2 key constructs:
- -interdependence theory, 1. level of dependence, 2. mutuality of dependence
- two types of commitment processes:
-
1. relationship-driven commitment (smooth progress and involves positive feelings about partner and relationship, assessment of partners' compatibility, and willingness to take time for the relationship to develop
2. event-driven commitment (more rapid and more extreme changes in commitment, issues of trust and ambivalence, and uncertainty about relationship - ____ ___ of courtship are concerned with how well partners get along with each other
- compatibility models
- ___ ___ ___, wherein similarity of certain personal and contextual variables is important early in relationship,agreement on personal and family values becomes important at later stage, and complementary needs become important farther on
- sequential filtering model
- ____ ___ ___ of courtship are less concerned with relationship stages and more with the relationship process
- interpersonal process model
- 3 types of relationship development in courtship
-
1. prolonged courtship (slow and difficult progress)
2. accelerated courtship (rapid and seemingly almost problem free)
3. intermediate courtship (characteristics that fell between other two types and had smoothest progression toward marriage -
Stage 1 Erikson:
-__ vs __
-age __ to ___
-task:
form an attachment to ____ -
-trust vs mistrust
-0 - 18 mo
-create foundation ~ learn world is safe and will meet needs
-caregiver -
Stage 2 Erikson:
-___ vs ___
-Task:
-free ___ within reason
-rules have to be ___ -
-autonomy vs shame and doubt
-who am I? searching for independence
-choice
-consistent -
Stage 3:
-___ vs ___
-age _ to _
-Task:
-___-oriented
-Goal:
-helps with _____ ____ -
-initiative vs guilt
-3 to 6
-What can I do?
-process
-to explore abilities in safe environment
-problem solving -
Stage 4:
-___ vs ___
-age __ to __
-Task:
-___-oriented -
-industry vs inferiority
-6 to 12
-accomplish something valued by society
-product -
Stage 5:
-___ vs ___
-Age __ to __
-Task:
-___ are a huge part
-___ ____ occurs -
-identity vs role confusion
-12 to 18
-Who am I? Develop sense of self
-peers
-identity crisis -
Stage 6:
-____ vs ____
-age ___
-Task: -
-intimacy vs isolation
-20s
-what can I do? Establish adult intimate relationships -
Stage 7:
-___ vs ___
-age __ to __
-Task:
-challenge of this stage: -
-generativity vs stagnation
-20s to 60s
-nurture: take care of children, arts, nature "givine back"
-finding fresh outlets for creative impulses -
Stage 8:
-___ vs ____
-age
-Task:
-aka "__ __" -
-ego integrity vs despair
-60+
-integrating prior stages
-life review - 3 things being checked by strange situation
-
1. secure base/safe base (does child check with mom then explore? totally ignore mom? cling to mom?)
2. child prefer mom or stranger
3. how child reacts to mom when feel scared - checking in with mom before exploring is called ______
- social referencing
- in strange situation, what happens in first separation? First reunion? second separation? Final reunion?
-
-1st sep- mom leaves and child is left with stranger
-1st reu- mom returns and stranger leaves
-2nd sep- mom leaves child alone
-2nd reun- mom returns and stranger leaves - 3 major response patterns to strange situation (and %):
-
1. secure attachment (65%)
2. avoidant attachment (23%)
3. ambivilant/anxious -
In secure attachment:
-child uses mom as ___ ___
-mom leaves:
-mom returns:
-child prefers ___
-mom is ___ and ___ -
-safe base
-child upset, but calms and plays
-child is happy, greets mom warmly
-mom
-positive and consistent -
In avoidant attachment:
-readily ____ ___ ____
-Mom leaves:
-Mom returns:
-prefer ___
-mom is ___ but is either ___ or ___
-child learns to be ___ early -
-separates from mom
-no concern
-ignores or avoids
-stranger
-consistent, rejecting or overly intrusive
-independent -
in anxious/ambivalent attachment:
-child ___ ___ to mom
-mom leaves:
-mom returns:
-stranger:
-result of _____ behavior pattern from mom -
-stays close
-very upset, never calm
-clingy and resistant, seek her yet reject her attention
-resist contact and comfort
-inconsistent -
-In Israel, children are raised primarily by other adults. __% are securely attachment
-German children: __% secure, __% avoidant
-Japanese have high ___ and hardly any ___ attachment. Raise children to be ____ -
-37%
-33%, 49%
-anxious, avoidant, dependent
- - Hazen and Shaver (1987) looked at 1200 adults, average age 36. Put questionnaire in Rocky Mt News. ___% secure, ___% anxious, ___% avoidant
- 56%, 19%, 35%
-
Average length of relationship:
secure: __ yrs
insecure: __ years - 10, 5-6
- feeling of deprivation and dissatisfaction
- loneliness
- loneliness depends on individual's ___, not necessarily related to ____
- -perception, number of social ties
- 2 broad categories of loneliness:
-
1. social isolation-social network of friends and acquantinces
2. emotional isolation- single intense relationship - the loneliest people are ___ and ____
- adolecents and young adults
- 2 reasons young adults are the loneliest people:
-
1. trying to define own identity
2. constantly in new social situations
3. high expectations for relationships -
David Russel founded the ____ ___ ___. Started in ____ with 75 items. Now ___.
-loneliness found to be different from __, __, and __ -
UCLA Loneliess scale, 1970s, 20
-self-esteem, anxiety, social desirability - page in notes about descrepency model
- page in notes about descrepency model
- 7 interpersonal behaviors of lonely people
-
1. self-fulfilling prophesy
2. evaluate others more negatively
3. mistrust others
4. interpret other's actions and intentions negatively
5. more hesitant to express opinion in public
6. more passive
7. low level of self-disclosure -
effects of loneliness:
-youth:
-college:
-older adults: -
-running away from home, delinquent acts
-low grades, dropping out
-memory problems, poor health outcomes, neglect self care, lower immune system - diagram of loneliness
-
negative reaction to others-->
loneliness-->
negative reaction by others-->
awkward and unresponsive social behavior--> - 4 sets of feelings for loneliness:
-
1. despiration
2. impatient boredome
3. self-depreciation
4. depression - 4 things people do when they are lonely:
-
1. sad passivity (cry, sleep, sit and think, do nothing, overeat, take tranquilizers, watch YV, get drunk)
2. active solitude (study or work, exercise, listen to music, read, play music, etc)
3. social contact (call and friend, visit someone)
4. distractions (spend money, go shopping) - ___ ___ is collecting data systematically usuing different techniques/methods
- scientific investigation
- one of the goals of research is ____
- -objectivity
- ___ is to define variables.
- operationalize
- -___ method is to ask someone about themselves. ___ method is to ask someone about someone else
- -insider, outsider
-
-____ ____ is someone who interacts with participants
-___ ___ is watching and not participating -
-participant observer
-systematic observation - ____ info is specific info from individuals. ___ info involves #s and broad generatlizations
- -qualitative, quantitative
- ____ had qualitative and quantitative research, but she analyzed own data
- -Reeder
- Gottman article used ____ type of research. It was also ___ and ___ at the same time
- lab, structured, unstructured
- Setting out what you will do is ____ in experimentation. WHen you have no effect on what participants are doing, it is _____
- structure, unstructured
-
-a ____ sample uses whatever potential partipants are readily and conventiently accessible.
-_____ respondants represent the group you want to generalize to -
-convenience
-representative sample - ____ ____ is how volunteers may be different from those who don't volunteer
- volunteer bias
- 3 things that interact as an attitude:
-
1. emotion
2. belief or knowledge
3. behavioral tendency - balance theories say the we like _____
- harmony
- ______'s A-B-X model (1961) says that if person A is friends with B, and a with C, A would like B and C to get along....provides balance
- Newcomb's
- Person P and person O have a realtionship characterized by mutual liking and disliking. Then they get an issues (X). X will create ___ and motivate ____
- tension, change
- P has 4 options:
-
1. change attitude toward X
2. change perception about O's attitude
3. reduce importance assigned to X
4. reduce attraction for O - Which option between P and O is least likely?
- 4. reduce attraction for O
- ____ conditioning involves _____-->_____-->______
- operant, voluntary behavior-->consequence-->future of behavior
- 4 different kinds of reinforcers:
-
1. primary (meet basic physiological needs)
2. secondary (not valuable in and of themselves, but they can get you something valuable [$, gift certificates, tokens])
3. social reinforcers (smile, kind words, can be verbal or non)
4. non-social (privelage) - _____ reinforcement is reinforcement every time
- continuous
- ____ reinforcement is not every time, and is ____ than continuous
- not every time, stronger
-
-___ ____ is reinforcement every .... time
-___ ___ reinforcement is every ....minute
-_____ reinforcement has no pattern -
-fixed ratio
-fixed interval
-randomly - attraction increases as ____ increases
- similarity
- 3 kinds of similarity
-
1. demographic
2. attitudes and values
3. personality - Dutton and Aron (1974) found that menon suspension bridge had stories with increased ____ imagery, and ___ called female experimenter. Sturdy bridge, __ of __ called. Suspension bridge and male, __ of ___ called
- sexual, half, 2 of 16, 2 of 7
- ___ of ___ is attributing feelings of arousal to female instead of bridge
- misattribution of arousal
- ___ and ____ effect is when couples feel and increase of love because of parental interference. This is an example of ___ ___
- Romeo and Juliet effect, psychological reactance
- As the bar closes, people rate each other more attractive. this is called ____ effect, or ___ __
- barrier effect, forbidden fruit
- When a quality that originally attracted you now turns you off: _____. Trait is usually ___ ____
- fatal attraction, sexual aggressiveness
- Felmless study found that ____ led to break-ups in couples
- dissimilarity
- Moreland and Beach (1992) study found that increased ___ of females attending class led to increased ____ to her
- familiarity, attraction
- The MIT study found that even a few ___ can make a difference in relationships
- feet
- _____ accentuates out feelings about others
- proximity
- first impressions involve processes of __ and __, which we use to make sense of our social world
- perception and judgment
- ____ either add or subtract from hapiness of relationships
- perceptions
- first we ____--> determines what we ____-->affects how we ____
- think, feel, act
- the ___ ___ is the idea that we have a tendency to give first info we receive about another person more importance than info we find out later on
- primacy effect
- ___ ___ is when we seek info that proves you right vs looking fo examples that will prove you wrong
- confirmatory bias
- people in the study done by Snyder and Swann (1978) chose questions that matched the ____ ___ they were looking for
- personality trait
- MacDonald and Ross (1999) found that the least accurate in estimating relationship is ___, and most accurate is ____
- you, peers/roommates
- blah
- blahh
- blahhh
- blahhhh