Science Final
Terms
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- Stalactites
- hang from ceiling
- Cone of depression
- water drawn off a well will lower the groundwater level in the particular area
- Included Fragments
- pieces of rock found in another rock are older than the rock they are found in
- Original horizontality
- layers of sediments generally deposited in a nearly horizontal position
- Point Source Pollution
- comes from a specific source (factory)
- Disconformities
- rock layers eroded, new layers form horizontally
- Tension
- pulling apart or stretching = divergent boundary
- Desertification
- movement of dunes into an area overtime, shifting wind direction
- Cloud Formation
- dew must form on something (dew on condensation nuclei)
- bed load
- sediments rolling and sliding along the stream bed or bottom of the stream (gravel, boulders)
- Love Wave
- Fastest surface wave, side to side
- suspension
- sediment is heavier than water, but because water is stirred up and moving they stay suspended (silt, clay)
- S wave
- 2nd big kickup
- Laterial Moraine
- rock pieces that have pilled up along the sides of the glacier
- Saltwater Intrusion
- in coastal areas, the well will start to draw in salt water instead of fresh water
- Receding Glacier
- if a glaciers rate of melting is more than its rate of movement
- Precipitation
- water droplets combine forming larger drops which overcome the upward rise and fall
- Cast
- an object created when minerals seep into and fill a mold, forming a copy of the original fossil
- Ground Subsidence
- if enough water is withdraw in the ground level will lower due to lack of pore pressure
- Sinuosity
- distance between two points / straight line distance
- Radiometric Dating
- used to measure absolute time in which the amounts of parent and daughter isotope within a rock or mineral are measured and the ratio used find the age of a rock
- Slump
- Blocks of land tilt and move, material under slumps weakens, needs some moisture
- Velocity
- distance / time
- Absolute Time
- the actual date of the event
- Cave Formation
- Limestone dissolves by acid found in groundwater which form tunnels
- Earthflow
- Mass movement of material
- Crust
- least dense layer
- Cumulus
- thick, puffy, formed when air is moving (thunderstorms)
- Primary Wave
- fastest seismic wave, moves through rocks and liquid, compression wave, back and forth, 1st to be received
- Deflation
- (suspension) the lifting and removal of loose material, coarse material left behind
- P wave
- 1st kickup
- Weathering
- the disintegration and decomposition of rocks and minerals by natural processes such as the action of frost or percolating ground water
- Condensation
- gas to liquid
- Expanding/Shrinking ice
- water works its way into cracks in rocks, and upon freezing, expands and breaks rocks into smaller pieces (ice/frost wedging)
- Outer core
- liquid layer
- Landslide
- Rocks break loose and tumble quickly to the bottom, create talus slopes (piles of rock)
- Shear
- parallel/slippage = sliding boundary
- mechanical weathering
- cold, dry (weathering)
- Mantle
- middle density (solid) layer
- Raleigh Wave
- roll, most shaking
- Carbon Dioxide
- burning fossil fuels
- Cirrus
- thin, high, ice crystals (no rain)
- Mechanical Weathering
- the breakdown of rocks and minerals by physical agents such as frost, wind, and tree roots, with no chemical alteration
- Mudflow
- Thick mixture of sediments and water that flows quickly down slope, can be found in dry areas that experience sudden rainfall, lots of water needed
- Ozone
- absorbs 90% of UV rays
- D horizon
- unaltered parent material - solid basalt
- Specific Humidity
- the amount of water in the air
- Relative Humidity
- a comparison between actual amount of water (specific humidity) to the maximum amount of water (capacity)
- Frequency
- # of waves / time in seconds
- Outwash
- material deposited by glacial melt water (sorted)
- Moraine
- the accumulation of glacial till
- Saturated
- when the air is filled to its max capacity for a specific temperature
- Nonconformity
- sediments deposited on igneous rocks, uplifted, eroded and new sediments deposit horizontally
- Potassium-Aragon Dating
- half life 1.3 billion years; metamorphic, sedimentary, and igneous
- Continental Climate
- inland away from oceans, huge temperature fluctuation (eastern Oregon)
- Advancing Glacier
- : heavy snow with pressure at the bottom causes a glacier to move faster than normal
- Stratus
- low sheet, grey (rain)
- Till
- rocks deposited by direct glacial ice (unsorted
- Composition
- softer the rock, higher the rate
- Stalagmites
- rise up from floor
- Porosity
- how much water it can hold
- Groundwater Pollution
- pollution from industry, agriculture, military, or other human sources flow into wells due to cones of depression
- Chemical Weathering
- : the weathering of a rock surface through chemical processes such as oxidation, solution, and hydrolysis
- Ozone holes
- thinning of the ozone layer
- Repeated wetting and drying
- causes rocks to shrink and expand (mud cracks)
- Parent Isotope
- original element
- Maritime Climate
- temperatures do not change much (western Oregon)
- Laminar flow
- smooth, parallel to channel, usually slow moving water
- Uranium-Led Dating
- dates oldest rocks, half-life is 4.5 billion years; igneous rocks
- aquiclude
- impermeable materials, water cannot travel through, very small pre space or none at all - clay, solid rock
- Turbulent Flow
- confused, swirling, erratic, usually in fast moving water
- Warm air has a
- high capacity
- Unconformity
- where layers of rock are missing in the strata sequence
- Rubidium-Strontium Dating
- extremely old rocks, 47 billion years; feldspars and micas
- Evaporation
- liquid to gas
- Superposition
- undisturbed rocks, oldest layers at bottom, youngest at top
- Hydrolysis
- hydrogen reacts with certain minerals resulting in altercation, dissolves some minerals completely
- water table
- the level to which the water fills up
- Angular Conformity
- existing layers are tilted, erosion takes place, and new layers form horizontally
- Youthful stream
- straight channel, steep slope, high velocity, limited deposition, erosion side to side, steep sided v shaped valley
- Relative Dating
- placing events in the sequence in which they occurred
- Tsunami
- underwater volcano, underwater earthquake, landslide
- Abrasion
- wind blowing that erodes exposed rock
- Organic acid
- as they decay plants/animals secrete acids that can dissolve rocks
- Carbonic acid
- co2 and rain dissolve rocks and minerals
- zone of aeration
- area from the water table to the ground surface where the ground can still hold more water and can hold air
- Secondary Wave
- 2nd fastest wave, only travels through solids, crock particles go up + down, perpendicular to ground, 2nd to be received
- P wave shadow zone
- 145 degrees
- Stratosphere
- the layer of the Earth's atmosphere; concentrations of ozone cause temperatures to increase with altitude
- Oxidation
- oxygen reacts with certain elements resulting in altercation (iron to rust)
- End Moraine
- when two glaciers come together to form a larger, single glacier, the lateral moraines join into a single moraine in the middle
- Cross-cutting
- when rocks are cut by a fault/dike, the rock it cut was there first
- Marsh Core Sample
- sediment (sand), peat (dead plant), mud
- Inner core
- most dense (solid) layer
- S wave shadow zone
- 105 degrees
- Trace Fossils
- any indirect evidence of life preserved as an impression in rock; trails, footprints, tracks, burrows, and bite marks
- Permeability
- the ability of water to flow through a substance. How well the pore spaces are connected together
- Loss of overlying rock and soil
- removal of pressure allow joints and cracks to form which grow over time (exfoliation)
- old age stream
- straighter than mature (meanders cut off), flat, very slow, side to side, deposition of small material
- Rate of Weathering
- Surface Area, Composition, Climate
- Radiocarbon Dating
- ratio of carbon-12 to carbon-14
- chemical weathering
- hot, rainy (weathering)
- Non Point Source Pollution
- term for pollution runoff (precipitation, car washing, watering crops or lawns)
- Organic activity
- plants and roots grow into cracks. As they grow, the roots push the cracks apart. Animals burrow into the ground and bring new material to the surface. Human activity also affects mechanical weathering
- Replaced Remains
- remains are replaced by rock forming minerals; hard parts are replaced after the soft parts have decayed
- Creep
- Slow, small amount of water present, makes trees and fences lean, repeating freezing and thawing action
- Mold
- : a hollow depression in rock formed when a fossil dissolves out of the rock; shows the original shape and surface of the fossil
- Erosion
- the gradual wearing away of rock or soil by physical breakdown, chemical solution, and transportation of material, as caused, e.g. by water, wind, or ice
- Sulfuric acid
- sulfur emitted by industries and cars mix with water can dissolve rocks and minerals (acid rain)
- solution
- material dissolved in water (cannot see)
- When air is warm
- air can hold more water vapor
- Troposphere
- the lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere, characterized by decreasing temperature with alitiude
- aquifer
- permeable materials that contain and carry groundwater - sand, gravel
- Surface Area
- higher the , higher the rate
- Leeward Side (dune)
- shorter, steeper,
- Windward Side (dune)
- longer, gentle, exposed
- capillary fringe
- region just above water table where water rises from water table by capillary action
- Carbonaceous Films
- Organism dies and decays leaving behind a carbonadoes film
- Compression
- squeezing together = convergent boundary
- Desert Pavement
- land surface where all small material has been removed leaving only rocks and boulders
- Lag Time
- S - P
- Daughter isotope
- product of decay
- zone of saturation
- the part of the ground where all pore space is filled with water
- A horizon
- topsoil (humus) - organic rich
- B horizon
- subsoil - clay leached from A
- Half-Life
- the time it takes for half the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay to a stable product
- Amplitude
- midline to tallest crest/trough
- Porosity Equation
- (Volume of water or air between particles / total volume) x 100
- Base Level
- the level of the body of water in which a stream flows
- Permeability Equation
- Amount of water / time = rate
- Venifact
- rocks that have been sandblasted, creating flat faces
- C horizon
- partially weathered parent material
- Refraction
- most waves approach the shoreline at an angle, but when they reach shallow water, they tend to swing around until they approach the shoreline head on
- Mature stream
- meandering channels, low slope, low velocity, side to side, deposition on inside of meander, flat and wide
- Saltation
- bedload) the rolling and bouncing of large material along the ground
- Original Remains
- unchanged remains of plants and animals; stuck in amber, tar, or frozen ice
- Acid
- react with materials resulting in altercation