Geography 15-22
Terms
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- tarn
- lakes that form in the cirque depressions after the ice melts
- syncline fold
- downfold in a wave of crust folding
- esker
- narrow and typically winding ridge believed to have been formed by meltwater streams flowing at the base of ice sheets
- strike slip fault
- faults where displacement is horizontal rather than vertical
- point bar
- inside of a meandering stream containing the sediment deposition
- sea cave
- holes in a headland created by wave erosion
- sea arch
- when 2 sea caves meet from each side of a headland
- barrier island
- long, narrow, wave-built island separated from the mainland by a lagoon, formed on low-relief coastlines
- erratic
- boulders carried by glaciers and left in a location where they stand out
- cirque
- smallest glacier that occupy ampitheatre-like depressions but don't reach the valleys
- Lahars
- a particularly dangerous form of mudflow from volcanic peaks where layers of volcanic ash may become saturated during or prior to an eruption
- loess
- finer grained and can be carried by wind in suspension long distances from its source
- aquifer
- saturated geologic formation capable of storing and transmitting significant supplies of water to wells
- bajada
- when 2 alluvial fans join together
- kettle lake
- lakes formed in kettles, which were pits caused by blocks of ice buried in glacial deposits
- eolian deposits
- deposits brought by wind
- sinkhole
- circular depressions that are common features in karst landscapes
- drainage basin
- land surface drained by a stream system (watershed)
- drumlins
- streamlined hill molded in glacial drift along the till plains
- antecedent stream
- stream that existed before mountains were formed and continue to run their course despite the development of the mountains
- delta
- the mouth of a river
- barrier reef
- coral formation which lies offshore and is separated from the land by a shallow lagoon
- intermittent streams
- streams that flow only during rainy season or rain storms
- lagoon
- shallow body of water protected from wave action by reefs, or bars
- flood plain
- extensive, low-gradient land areas composed of alluvium that lie adjacent to many stream channels
- alluvial fan
- fan shaped depositional landform
- superimposed stream
- streams that originated on earlier rock strata that has been eroded away
- meandering stream
- most common channel pattern that displays broad, sweeping bends
- fault
- fracture that has experienced shifting or offset of rocks on the opposite sides
- bed load
- larger particles that move down a stream along the bed
- plateau
- extensive, elevated region with a fairly flat top surface
- karst
- landforms developed by solution, most commonly formed in limestone
- arroyos
- : the steep-sided channels of intermittent streams
- atoll
- ring of coral reefs encircling a central lagoon that has no inner volcanic island
- perennial streams
- streams that flow all year
- suspended load
- small particles being moved down a stream in suspension
- horn
- when three or more cirques meet at a mountain summit they form this pyramid-like peak.
- dunes
- mound of sand-sized materials deposited and shaped by the wind.
- graben
- depression between 2 fault scarps (death valley and dead sea)
- fault scarp
- steep cliff or exposed face of a fault where one crustal block had been displaced vertically relative to another
- sea stack
- resistant pillar left standing when the top of an arch collapses or a sea cliff retreats
- chemical weathering
- decomposition of rock through chemical reactions
- continental glacier
- ice sheets that move over land radially
- fjord
- deep, glacial trough along the coast invaded by the sea after the removal of the glacier.
- bay mouth bar
- if 2 spits join or 1 grows across a bay
- outwash plains
- extensive, relatively smooth plains covered with sorted deposits transported by meltwater from the ice sheets
- playa
- landform that occupies the lowest part of most bolsons
- alpine glacier
- glaciers fed by ice and snow in mountain areas
- physical weathering
- disintegration of rocks without altering their chemical composition
- submergent coastline
- coastlines that were formerly above sea level but are now submerged since ice sheets retreated and sea level rose
- yazoo stream
- parallel tributaries that are cut off from the main stream by levees
- Dendritic stream pattern (flat strata)
- irregular branching pattern with tributaries joining larger streams at acute angles
- gradation
- removal of loose material, its transportation, and its deposition
- normal fault
- faults that have vertical displacement resulting from tension
- Alluvium
- general name given to fluvial deposits regardless of the type or size of the material
- playa lake
- very shallow body of water formed in a playa
- dune migration
- dunes that move since they aren't held down and continue to blow to new locations
- horst
- raised portion between 2 fault scarps
- trellis (folded bedrock)
- long, parallel streams linked by short, right angle segments
- rias (drowned valley)
- submerged coastline created where river valleys are drowned by a rise in sea level or the sinking of the coastal area
- lateral moraine
- Depositional ridges formed by till deposits along the side of a glacier
- spit
- depositional landforms that grow beyond the shore
- slip face
- steep, leeward side of a sand dune
- headland
- part of the land that sticks out when the area around it has been wave eroded
- radial pattern (volcano)
- where streams flow away from a common high point
- terminal moraine
- end moraines that mark the furthest advance of the glacier.
- deranged drainage pattern (glacial)
- where streams flow on low-gradient terrain where there has not been enough time since deglaciation for a stream network to become developed
- beach
- coastal region of unconsolidated sediments between the low tide line and the upper limit of wave action.
- salt marsh
- bay influenced by the ocean that leaves salt deposits inside as its blocked off by a reef
- tombolo
- when wave deposition connects a sea stack or an offshore island with the mainland
- Badlands
- areas of rugged, high-dissected, barren topography
- ocean island
- island formed by volcanoes
- till plains
- smalls hills and slight depressions reflecting uneven glacial deposition
- butte
- mesa that has been eroded down to a smaller surface area
- entrenched meander
- when new uplift occurs where stream meanders have formed
- active margin coast
- coasts on plate boundaries where there is plate activity
- base level
- : Lowest elevation of leveling below which further erosion will not occur
- fringe reef
- coral reef attached to the coast
- continental island
- island that is connected to continental shelf and considered a part of that continent
- passive margin coast
- coasts that arent on a plate boundary...exhibit wide continental shelves
- haystack hills
- (hums) limestone remnants left standing after karst development, especially in wet tropical conditions
- levee
- channel-bounding ridge
- anticline fold
- upfold in a wave of crustal folding
- aquiclude
- A rock or unconsolidated sediment that restricts the passage of groundwater
- u shaped valley
- valleys eroded out by glaciers into the shape of a U
- mesa
- small, flat-topped hills
- talus slope
- rock debris in a cone-shaped deposit at the base of a steep slope; usually a result of frost wedging and individual rockfalls
- oxbow lake
- cut-off meanders that remain filled with water
- thrust fault
- common type of reverse fault as a result of compression