World History II Midterm Terms

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World History II with J-W - History Term Set.

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Magellan: 16th Century. A Portuguese mariner who decided to try and pursue the goal of Christopher Columbus, and establish a western route to Asian waters. He died on his voyage due to a dispute on the Philipine Islands. 18 members of his crew managed to return to Portugal on one single boat - and they were the first crew to sail around the world.
Otto von Bismarck: Mid 19th Century. He was a wealthy landowner in Prussia. He was sent by King Wilhelm I of Prussia to go and negotiate funding for the army with the Parliament, in return for being appointed as the Prime Minister of Prussia. He was leader of the Realpolitik ("the politics of reality.") Made the slogan of the German Unification 'blood and iron.' He reformed and expanded the Prussian army as well.
Queen Nzinga: Mid 17th Century. Ruled lands in modern day Angola and Congo (Ndongo), who spent almost 40 years battling Portuguese slave traders in an effort to stop them from enslaving her people. She dressed/acted like a male warrior king. She also had a male 'harem.' After her death, her people lost to the portuguese.
The Factory System: Late 18th Century. During the Industrial Revolution, workers were forced to work in shifts. Workers were not able to relax. Factory owners wanted a lot of money, thus employees were unable to arrive late or drunk, or they were fired. Finding new employees was not challenging - because many other people were constantly waiting for an opening in the factories.
Vasco de Gama: 15th Century. A Portuguese explorer who sailed from Lisbon to India. Less than half of his crew made it back to Portugal. However, he brought back pepper and cinnamon from India interested the portuguese people, and by the 16th century, they had built a trading post at Calicut and Portuguese mariners soon called at ports throughout India and the Indian Ocean basin. By the late 16th century, the English and the Dutch followed suit.
Smallpox: 16th Century. A disease that hit the Caribbean. The disease decimated the workers of the settlers, thus the settlers kidnapped and enslaved the Tainos natives who lived there. They harvested Manioc and other crops for the settlers of the Caribbean (English,French, Spanish, Portuguese) The Europeans were the ones who brought the smallpox over to the Caribbean, causing countless deaths.
Engenho: 16th Century. A Brazilian sugar mill; the term aslo came to symbolize the entire complex world relating to the production of sugar.
Montesquieu: 17th Century. A french nobleman and philosophe who sought to establish a science of politics and discover principles that would foster political liberty in a prosperous and stable state.
Shah Abbas the Great: Late 16th Century-Early 17th Century. The best known Shah. He centralized the government and created a powerful military force similar to the Janissaries of the Ottoman. He used a mixture of peace and war against the Ottomans, and created many alliances. He reduced taxes and encouraged the growth of industry.
Marx: Early 19th Century. A german theorist who scorned the Utopian socialists as unrealistic dabblers whose ideal communities had no hope of resolving the problems of the early industrial era. Against capitalism. Said capitalism divided people into two main classes, each with its own economic interests and social status. Referred to religion as the "opiate of the masses" because it encouraged workers to focus on a hypothetical realm of existence beyond this world rather than trying to improve their lot in society.
Communism: Mid 19th Century. Developed by Karl Marx. A theoretical economic system characterized by the collective ownership of property and by the organization of labor for the common advantage of all members.
Capitalism: 16th Century. an economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of capital goods, by investments that are determined by private decision, and by prices, production, and the distribution of goods that are determined mainly by competition in a free market. This generated considerable wealth, but its effects were uneven and sometimes unsettling. The 'father' of this was Adam Smith.
King Alfonso I: Early 16th Century. A famous king of Kongo who converted to Christianity. Portuguese priests in Kongo reported that he attended religious services daily and studies the Bible so zealously that he sometimes neglected to eat. The Kongo capital of Mbanza during that time had some many churches it was called "Kongo of the Bell."
The National Assembly: Late 18th Century. When the 3rd estate seceded from the Estate's General, they went to the tennis courts and created the name of the ________ - and revolted against the government. This was at the start of the French Revolution.
Adam Smith: 18th Century. The father of Capitalism. A scottish philosopher who held that society would prosper when individuals pursued their own economic interests.
The Congress of Vienna: Early 19th of Century. A group made up of conservative political leaders who met as representatives of the 'great powers' that defeated Napolen - Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia. They attempted to restore the prerevolutionary order. They were under the guidance of the influential foreign minister of Austria, Prince Klemens von Metternich the group managed to dismantle Napoleon's empie and return sovereignty to Europe's royal families, restored them to the thrones they had lost during the Napoleonic era, and created a diplomatic order based on a balance of power that prevented any one state from dominating the others.
Twelver Shiism: 16th Century. Held the believe that there were twelve infallible imams (or religious leaders) after Muhammad, beginning with the prophet's cousin and son-in-law, Ali. The twelve imam was hidden and the Twelver Shiites believed that when he returned he would take power and spread his true religion. The followers called quizilbash wore red hats with twelve pleats to symbolize the twelve imams.
Deism: 17th Century. The belief that god was a 'watch maker' and set the world in motion, and then stepped away to watch the earth and the people on it. They denied the supernatural teachings of Christianity, such as Jesus' virgin birth and his resurrection. Most philosophes, like Voltaire, chose this religion.
Robespierre: Late 18th Century. French revolutionary. Leader of the Jacobins and architect of the Reign of Terror, he was known as an austere and incorruptible man. His laws permitting the confiscation of property and arrest of suspected traitors, many of whom were guillotined, led to his own arrest and execution without trial.
Jesuits: 16th Century. , Members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic order founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1534. They played an important part in the Catholic Reformation and helped create conduits of trade and knowledge between Asia and Europe.
John Stuart Mill: Early 19th Century. An English philosopher, economist, and social reformer. He promoted the freedom of individuals to pursue economic and intellectual interests. He tried to ensure that powerful minorities, such as wealthy businessmen, would not curb the freedoms of the poorly organized majority, but he also argued that it was improper for the majority to impose its will on minorities with different interests and values. He advocated universal suffrage as the most effective way to advance individual freedom, and he called for taxation of business profits and high personal incomes to forestall the organization of wealthy classes into groups that threatened individual liberties. Went further than most liberals in seeking to extend the rights of freedom and equality to women and working people as well as men of property.
Cortes: Early 16th Century. A Spanish Conquistador who went to central aerica where he discovered the Aztec society. He began to kill the population using guns, germs, and steel. He met King Moctezuma of the Aztecs, and ultimately took over their society on Tenochtitlan. This was the end of the Aztec Empire. He spent his next few years making peace among the remaining Aztecs, and then returned to his home.
Daimyo: No Date. Powerful territorial lords in early modern Japan. They were uncontrolled until the Tokugawa Shogunate, and were all forced to move to Edo (the new capital, present day Tokyo.) Once Tokugawa took control they could not have purely noble marriages, meetings, etc - for Tokugawa feared they would rise up and try to control them.
Napoleon: Early 19th Century. , A French general, political leader, and emperor of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. He rose swiftly through the ranks of army and government during and after the French Revolution and crowned himself emperor in 1804. He conquered much of Europe but lost two-thirds of his army in a disastrous invasion of Russia. After his final loss to Britain and Prussia at the Battle of Waterloo, he was exiled to the island of St. Helena in the south Atlantic Ocean.
Zheng He: 15th Century. An imperial eunuch, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa. He did this under the alibi of looking for the Emperor's lost nephew.
Janissaries: 15th Century.Christian boys taken from families, converted to Islam, and then rigorously trained to serve the sultan; loyal only to the sultan.
Hong Wu: Late 14th Century. He was born peasant but he became the first emperor of Ming Dynasty. He helped the peasants by having low taxes. He also had absolute power.
Geisha: No Date, A Japanese woman trained to entertain men with conversation and singing and dancing. On certain occasions, they acted as high class prostitutes, the highest male bidder winning their bodies. They were a part of the floating worlds.
Trading Post Empire: 16th Century. Built initially by the portuguese, these were used to control the trade routes by forcing merchant vessels to call at fortified trading sites and pay duties there.
Seven Years' War: 18th Century. A global conflict that took place in several distinct geographic place-Europe, India, the Caribbean, and North America-and involved Asian and indigenous Aerican peoples as well as Europeans. Sometimes it is called the 'great war for empire.' It laid the foundation for 150 years of British imperial hegemony in the world.
Suleyman the Magnificent: 16th Century. The "lawgiver" who was so culturally aware yet exacted murder on two of his sons and a grandson in order to prevent civil war. Ottoman.
Matteo Ricci: Late 16th-17th Century. An Italian Jesuit who by his knowledge of Astronomy and science was accepted as a missionary of China
Peninsulares: 16th Century. , Colonial leaders who were born in Spain and Portugal and stood at the top level of the social order. They had high offices of power in the new world.
Encomienda: 16th Century. A system that gave spanish settlers the right to compel the indigenous peoples of the Americas to work in the mines or the fields. This led to abuse of the indigenous peoples, because the spanish rulers often overworked the people - and skimped on maintenance..
Triangular Trade: 18th Century. A trade between Europe, Africa, and the New World. From Europe came the weapons sent to the Africans to get more slaves - from the Africans came Slaves to the the New World, and from the New World to Europe, the goods needed to create the weapons. A very helpful system to new settlers.
Simon Bolivar: Early 19th Century. A creole leader of the Independence movement in Latin America. He was a republican steeped in Enlightenment ideas about popular sovereignty. He took up arms against the Spanish rule. In the early days of his struggle, he expereienced many reversals and twice went into exile. In 1819, he assembeled an army that surprised and crushed the Spanish army in Colombia. Later, he campaigned in Venezuela, Ecuador, and Peru coordinating his efforts with other creole leaders. By 1825, creole forces had overcoe Spanish armies and deposed Spanish rulers throughout South America.
VOC: 17th Century.the dutch trading company with a monopoly that conquered java as a entrepot and eventually controlled all ports and important spice- bearing islands in indonesia that also made alliances with local authorities.
Akbar: 16th Century. Son and successor of Humayan. Oversaw building of military and administrative systems that became typical of Mughal rule in India. pursued policy of cooperation with Hindu princes. Attempted to create new religion to bind Muslim and Hindu populations of India. He was only 13 when he became a leader and was doubted by his enemies, but proved to be one of the greatest leaders of all history. Babur's Grandson.
James Watt: Mid 18th Century. An instrument maker at the University of Glasgow in Scotland. Developed the general purpose steam engine. This engine relied on steam to force a piston to turn a wheel, whose rotary motion converted a single pump into an engine that had multiple uses. Contemporaries used the ter of horsepower to measure the energy generated by the steam engine - and the steam engine took over the work load of numerous animals.
Shah Ismail: 16th Century. Founded the Safavid dynasty, descendent of Safi al-Din. Seized Iraq + Iran, self proclaimed Shah of the new Persian state
Olaudah Equiano: Late 18th Century. A freed slave, and also a critic of slavery. He wrote the story about the middle passage and its horrors. Popularized in england.
Oliver Cromwell: 17th Century. The leader of the parliament party who took over once the monarchy was abolished in Europe and Charles I was beheaded. Cromwell became an absolute ruler, and kept his power, outlawing sports and theatre. The people hated him for his absolutism. When he died of natural causes, the people restored the Monarchy with Charles II, then he was exiled. Soon after, William and Mary came to the throne, and they were submissive to the Parliament.
Kanun: 16th Century. , Highly detailed system of Ottoman administrative law that jurists developed to deal with matters not treated in the religious law of Islam.
Locke: 17th Century. An english philosophe who worked to discover natural laws of politics. He attacked divine right theories that served as a foundation for absolute monarchy and advocated constitutional government on the grounds that sovereignty resides in the people rather than the state or its rulers. He probided much of the theoretical justification for the Glorious Revolution and the establishment of the constitutional monarchy in England.
Copernicus: 16th Century. Created the model for the Heliocentric Universe. He said that the sun stood in the center of the universe and then was surrounded by planets, and then heaven surrounded the planets. He was a polish astronomer.
Battle of Chaldiran: 16th Century. The Safavids vs the Ottomans. This was caused because the Sunni Ottams detested the Shiite Safavids and feared the spread of Safavid propaganda among the nomadic Turks in their territory. As soon as Selim the Grim became sultan of the Ottomans, he launched a persecution of Shiites in the Ottoman empire and prepared for a full-scale invasion of Safavid territory. The ottomans badly damaged the Safavid state, but lacked the resources to destroy it, and the two empires remained locked in intermittent conflict for the next two centuries.
Dona Beatriz: Early 18th Century. An actress who established Antonialism to the Africans. She claimed to have signs like seeing a Jesus shaped rock on the ground and saying that she died every weekend and an angel told her what to do, and then she was resurrected on Mondays. She began to attract attention, and the King of the Kongo felt threatened by the growing support - thus after she gave birth to her child in the woods, she was taken by the King of the Kongo, and burned at the stake with her newborn baby in her arms. She was also a Kongo woman.
Pizarro: Early 16th Century. A spanish conquistador who led an expedition from Central American to Peru. He came across the Incan people and soon captured the Incan capital at Cuzco. He spared the Incan ruler Atahualpa until he had delivered a large quantity of gold to the conquistador. Soon after, they strangled and decapitated him. They searched for more treasure and looted gold and silver plaques from Cuzco's temples and public buildings. They melted down statuettes fashioned from precious metals - and also took jewelry and ornaments from the embalmed bodies of the deceased. People suspect his tiny force was able to conquer the Incan people simply because the Incans had high disdain toward their tax collectors and put up little resistance. Smallpox also was a main reason why there was hardly any resistance.
Louis XIV: 17th Century. He was known as the sun king. He surrounded himself with splendor befitting one who ruled by divine right. He built the magnificent residence at Versailles, a royal hunting lodge near Paris, and in the late 17th century, he moved his court there. He encouraged his court to stay so he could keep an eye on them. He was an absolute ruler of Europe.
Toussaint l'Ouverture: Late 18th Century. A Haitian slave who led the first successful slave revolt. He helped Haiti to declare independence from Napoleon.
St. Ignatius Loyola: 16th Century. Founder of the Society of Jesus. A Basque Nobleman and former soldier. While recuperating from a leg injury (that ended his military career) he read spiritual works and popular accounts of saints' lives, and he put all his energy into religious work. Together, with a small band of disciples, he founded the Society of Jesus.
Christopher Columbus: 15th Century. A Genoese mariner who proposed sailing to the markets of Asia by a western route. The Portuguese declined his proposal, out of skepticism about his geography. Eventually, Fernando and Isabel of Spain agreed to underwrite his expedition. However, Instead of finding Asia, managed to come across the land known as North America. News of his discovery spread, and soon the Spanish, English, Dutch, and French went to the new world.
Aurangzeb: 17th Century. Mughal emperor in India and great-grandson of Akbar 'the Great', under whom the empire reached its greatest extent, only to collapse after his death
Glorious Revolution: 17th Century. This occurred when Parliament deposed King James II and invited his daughter Mary and her dutch husband William of Orange to the throne. The result was that the kings would rule in cooperation with parliament, thus guaranteeing that nobles, merchnets, and other constituencies would enjoy representation in government affairs.
Edmund Burke: Late 18th Century. An English political philosopher who thought that society was copact between a people's ancestors, the present generation, and their descendants as yet unknown. He condemned radical or revolutionary change, which he believed could only lead to anarchy.
Mestizos: No date. a Spanish word, for people of a mixed race, made up most of the population in early Spanish settlements in the Americas, when Spanish settlers and native women lived in intimate contact.
Galileo: 16th Century. showed that the heavens were not the perfect realm that Ptolemaic astronomers assumed, but, rather, a world of change, flux, and may perviously unsuspected sights. He used the telescope and turned it skyward and reported observations that astonished his contemporaries. With his telescope he could see spots on the sun and mountains on the moon - obsercations that discredited the notion that the heavenly bodies were smooth, unchanging, and perfectly spherical. He noticed four moons that orbited Jupiter and caught sight of previously unknown distant stars. This implied that the universe was much larger than anyone had previously suspected. He also contributed an understanding of terrestrial motion. He conducted an experiment that showed the velocities of falling objects depended not on their weight - but the height from which they fall - that falling objects behave under the influence of Earth's gravitational pull.
Catholic Reformation: 16th Century. Partly in response to the Protestant Reformation, Roman Catholic authorities undertook an enormous refor effort within their own church. To some extent their efforts represented a reaction to Protestant success. Roman Catholic authorities sought to define points of doctrine so as to clarify the differences between the Roman and Protestant churches. They also attempted to persuade the Protestants to return to the Catholic church.
Martin Luther: 16th Century. He was a German monk who attacked the Roman church for a wide range of abuses and called for thorough reform of Christendom. He advocated the closure of monasteries, translation of the Bible from Latin into Vernacular languages, and an end to priestly authority, including the authority of the pope himself. Rejected the authority of the church, and said that the Bible was the only source of Christian authority.
Civil Code of 1804: 1804. , The French civil code, established under Napoleon. It was drafted rapidly by a commission of four eminent jurists and entered into force on March 21, 1804
"Divine faith": 16th Century. During Akbar's rule, instead of imposing Islam on his subjects, he encouraged the elaboration of a syncretic religion called the "_________" that focused attention on the emperor as a ruler common to all the religious, ethnic, and social groups of India.
Socialism: Mid 19th Century. A stage of society in Marxist theory transitional between capitalism and communism and distinguished by unequal distribution of goods and pay according to work done
Tokugawa Ieyasu: 17th Century. , Hideyoshi's long-time supporter --- smashed a coalition of daimyo defenders of heir and began building own government. He was the first ruler to be able to control the Daimyo using the Tokugawa Shogunate. In his shogunate there was lots of rice farming - a bakufu military. They had a goal of unification. There was limited trade and no traveling abroad.

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