US History Fall Final
Terms
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- Adams-Onis Treaty
- 1819 - Spain gave Florida to the US
- The Alamo
- Fort in Texas, Mexican forces killed many Texans
- Alien and Sedition Acts
- Passed by John Adams to keep Jefferson's party from printing bad things about him
- American System
- pre-Civil War measures designed to unify and strengthen nation by means of protective tariffs, national bank, and other improvements
- Anaconda Plan
- Three-part strategy devised by Union to defeat the Confederacy in the Civil War
- Antebellum
- Descriptive of period before the Civil War
- Antifederalist
- Opponent of strong central government
- Articles of Confederation
- Document adopted by the Second Continental Congress in 1777 and approved by states in 1781 - outlined form of gov't in the new US
- Bank of the United States
- Hamilton, established by Congress. Opposed by Madison.
- Bill of Rights
- First 10 amendements to the Const.
- Black codes
- Post-civil war South, laws passed to severly restrict African Americans
- Bleeding Kansas
- Kansas territory pre-Civil war, battle ground between pro and anti-slavery forces
- Boston Massacre, Boston Tea party
-
Mass - british soldiers vs. colonists, colonists killed.
TP - Protest against Tea Act - Cabinet
- President's advisors, Washington created first
- Carpetbagger
- Northener who moved South after Civil War
- Columbian Exchange
- Transfer of plants, animals and diseases between Western and Eastern Hemisphere
- Committees of correspondence
- Group set up by colonits to exchange information about British threats to their liberties
- Common Sense
- Pamphelt by Thomas Paine, called for seperation of colonies from Britain
- Compromise of 1850
- series of measures to settle disagreements between free and slave states. Rejected when first proposed by Clay, but accepted when seperated and presented individually by Douglass. Most contriversial = fugitive slave act
- Confederacy
- CSA, South - 1861 - formed secession from Union
- Conquistador
- Spainards who travled to America as explorer in 16th century
- Cotton gin
- 1793, Eli Whitney, cleans seeds from cotton fibers
- Declaration of Independence
- Written by Jefferson in 1776, delcared colonies independent from England
- Emancipation Proclaimation
- 1863 - executive order by Lincoln to free all the slaves in all regions behind Confederate lines
- Enlightenment
- 18th century movement - emphasized the use of reason and scientific method
- Erie Canal
- Connects Hudson River with Lake Erie, built between 1817 and 1825
- Excise tax
- Tax on production, sale or comsumption of goods produced in a country
- Federalism
- political system in which national government and state government share power
- Battles of Lexington and Concord
- first military engagement of the American Revolutionary War, began conflict between 13 colonies and England
- 15th Amendment
- 1870 - allows African Americans to vote
- "Fifty-four Forty or Fight!"
- Slogan used in 1844 campaign as a call for US annexation of the Oregon Territory.
- Forty-niner
- Someone who migrated to Cali to find gold
- 14th Amendment
- 1868 - slaves are now considered citizens
- Freedmen's Bureau
- Agency set up to help formar slaves after the Civil War
- Freeport Doctrine
- idea expressed by Douglass in 1858 that any territory could exclude slavery by refusing to pass laws supporting it
- Free-Soil Party
- 1848 - formed to oppose extension of slavery into US territories. Supported Wilmot Proviso
- French and Indian War
-
France vs. Britain, 1754 - 1763
Ended with defeat of France - Fugitive Slave Act
- Part of Compromise of 1850, ensured that escaped slaves would be returned into bondage
- Gadsden Purchase
- 1853 - US bought territory from Mexico, establishing current borders.
- Gag rule
- Rule limiting or preventing debate on a subject. Presented by Southerners to prevent anti-slavery people from petitioning against it
- Gettysburg Address
- 1863 - speech by Lincoln during war, important
- Great Awakening
- revival of religious feeling in the colonies during 1730s and 1750s
- Great Comprimise (Connecticut Compromise)
- Agreement to establish a two-house legislature. States have equal representation in one house and by population in the other.
- Headright system
- Virginia Company's policy of granting 50 acres of land to each settelr who accompanied him
- Indentured servant
- Person contracted to work for a limited period of time in exchange for travel expenses, shelter, and food.
- Indian Removal Act
- 1830 - forced Native Americans east of the Mississippi to the West
- Industrial Revolution
- Replacement of hand-tools with large-scale machines, change in social and economic organization
- Intolerable Acts
- 1774 - Series of laws enacted by Parliament to punish Mass. colonists for the Boston Tea Party
- Journeyman
- Skilled worker employed by a master
- Judicial Review
- Supreme Court's power to declare an act of Congress unconstitutional - Marbury vs. Madision
- Judiciary Act of 1789
- Established federal court system and # of supreme court justices
- Judiciary Act of 1801
- Increased # of federal judges, allowing John Adams to fill posts with Federalists
- Kansas-Nebraska Act
- 1854 - established territories of Kansas and Nebraska and allowed residents to decide whether or not to allow slavery
- Know-Nothing Party
- American Party, formed in 1850s to prevent political influence of immigrants
- Land Ordinance of 1785
- Law that established plans for surveying the lands West of the Appalachain Mts.
- Louisiana Purchase
- 1803 - purchase by US from France of Louisiana Territory (Miss river to Rocky Mts) for $15 million
- Loyalists
- Colonists who supported British gov't during American Revolution
- Manifest Destiny
- 19th century belief that the US would inevitably expand westwars to the Pacific and into Mexican territory - that it was their "destiny"
- Marbury vs. Madison
- 1803 - "Midnight judge" sues because his position is revoked because it is invalid - case in which Supreme Court developed judicial review
- McCulloch vs. Maryland
- 1819 - Supreme Court ruled Maryland had no right to tax Bank of the US, strengthening power of federal gov't control over economy
- Mestizo
- Mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry
- Mercantilism
- Economic system in which nations seek to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and establishing a favorable balance of trade
- Midnight judge
- Judge appointed by Adams in the last hours of his presidency to increase the amount of Federalists in the federal court
- Monroe Doctrine
- Policy of US opposition to European interference in Western affairs
- Middle Passage
- enslaved Africans to West Indies and then North America
- Jay's Treaty
- Treaty with Britain to avoid war, written by John Jay.
- Navigation Acts
- 1651 - series of laws enacted by Parliament to tighten England's control of trade in the colonies
- Triangular trade
- Goods and people exchanged between Africa, England, Europe, West Indies, and the colonies
- Puritans
- Wanted to eliminate all traces of Roman Catholic ritual in the Church of England - came to America to flee persecution
- Minute Men
- Revolutionary war, Patriot soldiers that could be readey for battle in a minute
- First Continental Congress
- Met in Philadelphia, stop Intolerable Acts, drafted Articles of Association to boycott British goods
- Second Continental Congress
- Created Olive Branch Petition, drafted Declaration of Independence
- Olive Branch Petition
- sent by Second Continental Congress to King George III to propose a reconciliation between the colonies and Britain. Was rejected.
- XYZ Affair
- 1797 - French officials demanded bribe from US diplomats
- Ratification
- Official approval of the Const. or of an amendment by the states
- Virginia Plan
- Proposed at constitutioanl convention, favored population-weighted representation
- New Jersey Plan
- Proposed one vote per state for equal representation, used as model for Senate
- Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
- Opposed and attacked Sedition Act
- Constitutionalism
- Limitation of gov't by law. Balance between power of gov't and power of people.
- Whiskey Rebellion
- 1791 - Pennsylvania, rebellion of settlers who resisted the excise tax on liquor.
- Whig Party
- Formed in 1834 to oppose policies of Andrew Jackson
- Wilmot Proviso
- Proposed none of the territory aquired from the war with Mexico should be open to slavery.
- Gibbons v. Ogden
- Supreme Court decided Congress held the power to regulate interstate navigation.
- Nullification
- State's refusal to recognize an act of Congress that it considers unconstitutional
- War Hawk
- Member of Congress that favored war with Britain
- Treaty of Ghent
- 1814 - Ended the war of 1812
- Tariff of Abominations
- Calhoun's name for an 1828 tariff that disadvantaged the South while benefitting the North
- National road
- 1811 - federally funded, from Maryland to Illinois
- Spoils System
- (Jackson) Elected candidates reward supporters with gov't jobs.
- 13th amendment
- 1865 - abolished slavery
- Reconstruction
- Period of rebuilding that followed the Civil war, Confederacy readmitted to the Union
- Trail of Tears
- Marches where Native Americans were forcibly removed from GA to Indian territory with thousands dying on the way
- Panic of 1837
- financial crisis in which banks closed and credit system collapsed, bankruptcies and high unemployment
- Scalawag
- white Southerner that joined republican party after the Civil war
- Annex
- Incorporate territoy into existing nation
- Mexican-American War
- Supported by Democrats, opposed by Whigs. Ended with Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.
- Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
- 1848 - Treaty ending Mexican-American War, Mexican territories of California and New Mexico were ceded to the United States.
- Abolitionist
- Someone against slavery
- Seneca Falls Convention
- Women's rights convention. (Elizabeth Stanton, Lucretia Mott)
- Shay's Rebellion
- Debted Mass. farmers protesting increased state tax
- Secession
- Withdrawl of a state from the Union
- Missouri Compromise (Compromise of 1820)
- Missouri came in as slave state, Maine as a free state. Prohibited slavery for all new states north of the 36°30' line.
- Popular soveriegnty
- People of a state vote to decide an issue
- Fort Sumter
- The confederacy attacked Fort Sumter, beginning the Civil War.
- Republican Party
- Opponenets of slavery in the terriotories