Western CIV Exam Review 2
Terms
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- patron
- financial supporter
- humanism
- intellectual movement that focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
- perspective
- artistic technique used to give drawings and paintings a three-dimensional effect
- Lorenzo de'Medici
- A clever poltician, a patron to the arts, and a poet. Known as the Manificent
- Francesco Petrarch
- A humanist who hunted down and assembled a library of Greek and Roman manuscripts.He also wrote Sonnets to Laura
- Leonardo da Vinci
- Most known for his Mona Lisa.
- Michelangelo
- A sculptor,engineer, painter, architect, and poet. Known for his sculptures Pieta and David.
- Raphael
- Paintings blended Christian and classical styles. One of his most known works is the School of Athens.
- Sofonisba Anguissola
- An Italian Noblewoman who was a portrait painter. one of her works, The artist's sisters playing chess, earned her an invitation to become court painter to King Philip II of Spain.
- Filippo Brunelleschi
- Created a magnificent dome for the cathedral in Florence, which he modeled on the dome of the Parthenon in Rome.
- Baldassare Castiglione
- Wrote The Book of the Coutier.
- Niccolo Machiavelli
- served as a diplomat; wrote the Prince, which was a guide to rulers onhow to gain and maintain power.
- Johann Gutenberg
- printed a complete edition of the bible using metal type.
- Bruegal
- painted peasant life.
- indulgence
- a pardon for sins commited during a persons lifetime
- recant
- to give up ones views
- predestination
- the idea that God had long ago determined who would gain salvation
- Theocracy
- government run by church leaders.
- Protestant Reformation
- Christians grew impatient with the corruption of the clergy and the worldliness of the Church, people called for reform.
- Martin Luther
- German monk and professor of theology. Outraged with the corruption and Worldliness of the Church. Wrote the 95 Thesis, a list of arguments against indulgences.
- Peace of Augsburg
- Allowed each prince to decide which religion would be followed in their lands.
- John Calvin
- Priest and a lawyer, published the Institutes of the Christian Religion. Believed that salvation was gained through faith alone. Preached Predestination. Also set up a theocracy.
- annul
- cancel
- ghetto
- Part of the city where Jews lived, in Venice
- Henry VIII
- Had a series of laws passed which took the English Church from the pope's control and placed it under Henry's rule.
- Mary Tudor
- Tried to make England Catholic, but failed. Many protestants died at the stake during her rule.
- Elizabeth I
- Restored unity to England and made it Protestant
- Catholic Reformation
- Led by Pope Paul III who set out to revive the moral of the Church and roll back the Protestant tide.
- Council of Trent
- Reaffirmed traditional Catholic views. Also took steps to end abuses in the Church.
- Inquisition
- church court set up to root out heresies during the middle ages
- absolute monarch
- a ruler with complete authority over the government and the lives of the people
- Divine Right
- belief that authority to rule came directly from God
- Hapsburgs
- Austrian Rulers of the Holy Roman Empire and the Netherlands.
- intendant
- royal officials who collected taxes
- balance of power
- a distribution of military and economic power that would prevent any one nation from dominating Europe.
- Limited monarchy
- a government in which a constitution of legislative body limits the monarch's powers.
- Habeas Corpus
- no person could be held inprison without first being charged with a specific crime.
- Petition of Right
- Prohibited the king from raising taxes without the consent of Parliament or imprisioning anyone without just cause.
- Bill of Rights
- ensured the superiority of Parliament over the monarchy.
- Frederick the Great
- The king of Prussia; named for his brilliant use of his army.Seized mineral-rich Silesia from Austria.
- Maria Theresa
- The first Woman to Rule Hapsburg lands in her own name.
- Peace of Westphalia
- Under these terms France gained territory on its Spanish and German frontiers. Also ended the Thirty Years' War
- Seven Years' War
- Was fought in Europe, India, and North America.
- Thirty Yars' War
- began as a local conflict in Bohemia. The War had both political and religous causes. Conflicts started when Ferdinand of Bohemia sought to suppress Protestants and to assert royal power over local nobles.
- Peter the Great
- Curious about the advanced Western technology. Brought all Russians under his control, including the Russian Orthodox Church. Forced boyars to serve the state in civilian or military jobs. Under him serfdom spread, education improved, he simplified the Russian alphabet, set up academies for the study of math, science and engineering. Improved waterways and canals.
- St.Petersburg
- the great symbol of Peter's desire to forge a modern Russia.
- Catherine The Great
- Reorganized the provincial government, codified laws, and began state-sponsored education for boys and girls. Encouraged French language and customs. Granted Russian nobles important rights, such as exemption from taxes. She achieved a warm-water port on the black sea. She also seized territory from Poland.
- What Countries Partitioned Poland? How many times was it partitioned?
- Russia, Austria, and Prussia; three times
- Bourgeoisie
- middle class
- emigre
- nobles, clergy, and others who had fled revolutionary France.
- Sans-culottes
- working class men and women
- deficit spending
- a government spending more money than it takes in.
- ancien regime
- old order
- First Estate
- consisted of Nuns,monks, and priests
- Second Estate
- consisted of Nobles
- Third Estate
- consisted mostly of peasants
- cahiers
- notebooks
- nationalism
- an agressive feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country.
- Directory
- period of reaction against extremism
- Paris Commune
- a radical group, which could mobilize whole neighborhoods for protests or violent action to futher the revolution.
- The Great Fear
- Time of fear and Panic. Peasants attacked homes of Nobles, burned old manor records, and stole grain from storehouses.
- The Constitution of 1791
- set up a limited monarchy in place of the absolute monarchy.
- Robespierre
- A lawyer and a politician. Rose to the leadership of the Committee of Public Safety.He prompted religious tolerance and sought to abolish slavery. Chief architect of the Reign of Terror.
- Reign of Terror
- Lasted from 1793 to 1794. 40,000 people died, 15% were middle-class citizens, who had supported the revolution.
- plebiscite
- ballot in which voters say yes or no to an issue
- annex
- to add a territory onto an existing state or country
- Napoleon
- born in Corsica.First victory was against British forces at toulon.
- Napoleonic Code
- embodied Enlightnement principles such as the equality of all citizens before the law, religious toleration, and advancement based on merit.Woman lost a lot of rights. Males gained control over their wives and children.
- Guerilla warfare
- hit-and-run raids
- legitimacy
- restoring hereditary monarchies that the French Revolution or Napoleon had unseated.
- enclosure
- the process of taking over and fencing off land formerly shared by peasant farmers.
- urbanization
- movement of people to cities.
- Utilitarianism
- the idea that the goal of society should be "the greatest happiness for the greatest number" of it's citizens
- socialism
- system in which the people as a whole rather than private individuals own all property and operate all businesses
- communism
- form of socialism that believed class struggle was inevitable and would lead to the creation of a classless society in which all wealth and property would be owned by the community as a whole.
- proletariat
- working class
- sanction
- penalties
- appeasement
- giving in to the demands of an agreeor in order to keep the peace
- pacifism
- opposition to all war