U.S. History Mid-Term
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- What were the motivations for colonizations?
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- looking for wealth
- looking for new work opportunities
- looking for land
- looking for natural resources
- religious freedom
- indentured serivitude - What kind of relationship did each colony have with the native people?
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New England - fairly good relationship - not a whole lot of contact
Middle Colonies -
Southern Colonies - Bad relationship with natives, exmaple is Bacon's Rebellion - Headright System
- Virginia company's policy of granting 50 acres of land to each settler and each family member who accompanied him. Ploy to make more money for the Company.
- Puritans & predestination
- members of a group that wanted to elminate all traces of Roman Catholic rituals and traditons in the Church of England. They settled in Massachusetts Bay Colony and CT. Belived they were chosen at brith to go to heaven.
- Pilgrims
- Came over on the Mayflower seeking religious freedom. Settled in Plymouth, MA. Wrote the Mayflower Compact - has democratic principals.
- William Penn
- Founded Pennsylvania as a haven for the Quakers.
- Roger Williams
- Founded RI for religious freedom.
- John Winthrop & "City on the Hill"
- Religious leader who founds Massachusetts Bay Colony. Lays out plan in sermon to create a utopian society.
- Southern business pursuits vs. those in the North
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South: farming, cash crops (indigo, rice, cotton)
North: religious freedom - Glorious Revolution
- The transfer of the British Monarchy from James II to William and Mary in 1688-1689. Positive Change in Colonies.
- mercantilism
- Economic system in which nations seek to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and establishing a favorable balance of trade. GB uses this to theory to make the most money possible from the colonies.
- French and Indian War
- conflict in NA lasting from 1754 - 1763 that was part of world wode struggle between France and Britain that ended in the defeat of France and the transfer of French Canada to Britain. Causes Britain to begin taxing the Colonies to make back money spent to defend colonies in this war.
- Enlightenment
- 18th Century intelletual movement that emphasised the use of reason and the scientific method as means of obtaining knowledge. Movement away from religion in the North.
- Sugar Act
- stricter enforcement of trade regulations
- Stamp Act
- tax on printed materials and legal document
- Intolerable Acts
- British response to Boston Tea Party, intended to punish Boston
- Boston Tea Party
- dumping of 18,000 pounds of tea into Boston Harbor by colonists in 1733 to protest the Tea Act
- Townshend Acts
- establishing indirect taxes on goods imported from Britain by the British colonies in North America
- Loyalists
- colonists who supported the British government during the American Revolution
- Shay's Rebellion
- an uprising of debt-ridden Massachusetts farmers protesting increased state taxes in 1787
- John Locke and his views of good government
- Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of happiness(property)
- Bandwagon
- The "bandwagon" approach encourages you to think that because everyone else is doing something, you should do it too, or you'll be left out. The technique embodies a "keeping up with the Joneses" philosophy.
- Name calling
- This techniques consists of attaching a negative label to a person or a thing. People engage in this type of behavior when they are trying to avoid supporting their own opinion with facts. Rather than explain what they believe in, they prefer to try to tear their opponent down.
- Testimonial
- This technique is easy to understand. It is when "big name" personalities are used to endorse a product. Whenever you see someone famous endorsing a product, ask yourself how much that person knows about the product, and what he or she stands to gain by promoting it.
- Plain Folks
- This technique uses a folksy approach to convince us to support someone or something. These ads depict people with ordinary looks doing ordinary activities.
- Glittering Generalities
- This technique uses important-sounding "glad words" that have little or no real meaning. These words are used in general statements that cannot be proved or disproved. Words like "good," "honest," "fair," and "best" are examples of "glad" words.
- Transfer
- In this technique, an attempt is made to transfer the prestige of a positive symbol to a person or an idea. For example, using the American flag as a backdrop for a political event makes the implication that the event is patriotic in the best interest of the U.S.
- grievances in declaration of independence
- complaints of the king's tyranical actions that forced his american subjects to rebel
- Battle of Saratoga
- Britain's attempt to isolate New England from the rest of the colonies, but were surrounded by American troops and forced to surrender in Saratoga
- Why did the British lose the war?
- troops were outnumbered by 2 to 1, exhausted from constant shelling, cornwallis finally surrendered.
- Foreign Aid for Americans
- the French suggested that the American and French armies unite then attack British army at Yorktown
- Articles of Confederation
- a new type of government in a set of laws in which 2 levels of government shared fundamental powers
- Constitutional Convention
- a meeting of state deligates to discuss issues of interstate trade
- The Virginia Plan
- representation by population
- the New Jersey Plan
- each state has an equal vote
- the Great Compromise
- equal representation in the senate, but the population of each state would determine the representation in the house of representative
- the Federalist Papers
- a series of 85 essays defending the constitution. provided an analysis and explanation of constitutional provisions
- Article 1: legislative branch
- senate, house of representatives, congress. make laws
- Article 2: executive branch
- president. carry out laws
- Article 3: judicial branch
- supreme court. interpret the law
- elastic clause
- it can be used to expand the powers of Congress to fit appropriate situations
- supremacy clause
- everyone must follow federal law in the face of conflicting state law
- Amendment 1
- religious and political freedom
- Amendment 4
- search and seizure. you cant search without a warrant and a good reason
- Amendment 5
- right to remain silent
- Amendment 6
- right to speedy and public trial
- Amendment 8
- no cruel and unusual punishments
- Amendment 9
- basic human rights
- Amendment 10
- unlisted powers for people and states
- electoral college
- group of electors chosen by the states would cast ballots for the candidates
- Whiskey Rebellion
- Hamilton put a high excise tax on whiskey in an attempt to pay off the nation's debt. settlers in Pennsylvania rebelled and tested the new government
- Washington DC strict vs. loose construction
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jefferson- what it did not permit it forbade
hamilton- what it did not forbid it permitted - Federalism
- a political system in which a national government and constituent units, such as state governments, shared power
- Jeffersonian ideas
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-economy based on farming
-fear of absolute power or ruler
-national bank unconstitutional - Hamiltonian ideas
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-fear of mob rule
-national bank constitutional
-economy based on shipping and manufacturing - Republican party
- those who believed in Jefferson's vision of a strong state government
- Federalist party
- those who believed in Hamilton's vision of a strong central government
- Alien and Sedition Acts
- raised the residents requirement for American citizenship from 5 years to 14 years. allowed the president to report or jail any alien considered undesirable.
- Virginia and Kentucky resolutions
- virginia and Kentucky claimed the right to declare null and void federal laws going beyond powers granted by the constitution to the federal goverment
- marbury vs. madison
- madison was supposed to deliver papers to marbury but the judiciary act of 1789 required the supreme court order that the papers be delivered. marbury sued to enforce this provision.
- Louisiana Purchase
- Jefferson bought the land from France for 15 million dollars from the land drained by the western tributaries of the mississippi river.
- War Hawks
- members of Congress who favored war with Britain in the early years of the 19th century
- War of 1812
- war broke out again between the United States and Britain. US won
- industrial North vs. Agrarian South
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-north depended upon shipping and foreign trade for income
-south depended on cash crops - Capitalism
- an economic system in which private individuals and corporations control the means of production and use them to earn profit
- Eli Whitney
- invented the cotton gin
- cotton gin
- made it possible for farmers to grow short, stable cotton for a profit
- Slater's Mill
- established the first successful mechanized textile factory in America
- mass production
- the production of goods in large quantities
- changes in who votes
- you didn't need to own land to vote so many common and poor people had the opportunity to vote
- Egalitarian gains
- when Jackson gained presidency, the common people had more equal rights
- nullification
- a state's refusal to recognize an act of congress that is considered unconstitutional
- secession
- the formal withdrawal of a state from the union
- The American System
- a plan to unify the nation and create a strong, stable economy that would make the nation self sufficient
- Indian Removal Act
- the federal government provided funds to negotiate treaties that would force native americans to move west
- Jackson's legacy
- Martin Van Buren
- sectionalism
- the placing of the interests of one's own region ahead of the interest's of the nation as a whole
- John C. Calhoun
- Jackson's vice president, supported the south. pro slavery.
- Southern justifications for slavery
- it was in the bible and it was what the economy was built off of
- Nat Turner's Rebellion
- a slave who gathered up 80 followers and attacked 4 plantations and killed 40 white inhabitants
- Second great awakening
- much of the impulse toward reform was rooted in the revivals of the broad religious movement that swept the United States after 1790
- manifest destiny
- the 19th century belief that the United States would inevitably expand westwardto the spacific ocean and into the mexican territory
- class system in the south
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-wealthy plantation owners
-common people: small farmers, plantation farm hands
-slaves - missouri compromise
- a series of agreements passed by Congress in 1820-1821 to maintain the balance of power between slave states and free states
- Clay's compromise/compromise of 1850
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- California admitted as a free state
-Utah and New Mexico territories decide about slavery
-Texas-New Mexico boundary dispute resolved; Texas paid $10 million by federal government
-the sale of slaves banned in the District of Columbia. But slavery itself may continue there.
-Fugitive Slave Act required people in the free states to help capture and return escaped slaves. - Fugitive Slave Act
- a law enacted as part of the Compromise of 1850, designed to ensure that escaped slaves would be returned into bondage
- Kansas-Nebraska Act
- in 1854 and it repealed the Missouri compromise. allowed settlers to accept or reject slavery by popular sovereignty. led to the formation of the Republican party.
- John Brown
- abolitionist. he's crazy. he believed that god sent him to earth to abolish slavery. involved in bleeding kansas and the raid on Harper's ferry. he and a couple of slaves went into the town of harper's ferry and tried to steal all of the weapons but he was caught and hanged for treason.
- popular sovereignty
- individual states decide wether or not slavery is allowed
- bleeding kansas
- kansas had popular sovereignty. pro/anti slavery states went to kansas to try and influence the vote and each side got into fights and over 300 people died.
- Abraham Lincoln
- Republican. elected in 1860, South Carolina suceed from the union.