ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY I - Cells
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- What is the function of the cell membrane?
- The cell membrane controls passage of substances into and out of cell.
- What part of the cell contains and processes genetic information?
- The nucleus contains and processes genetic information.
- What part of the cell is composed of a phospholipid bilayer?
- The cell membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer.
- What part of the cell propels mucus and debris across the luminal surface?
- The cilia uses rhythmic beating to propel mucus and debris across surface.
- What part of the cell controls cell metabolism and protein synthesis?
- The nucleus controls cell metabolism and protein synthesis.
- What is the function of the nuclear envelope?
- The nuclear envelope controls movement of molecules in and out of nucleus.
- What part of the cell is considered the information bank for the cell?
- The nucelus is considered the information bank for the cell.
- Where are ribosomal subunits synthesized?
- Ribosomal subunits are synthesized in the nucleolus.
- Which part of the cells contains RNA?
- RNA is contained within the nucleolus.
- What is the site of adenosine triphosphate production?
- Mitochondria is the area of adenosine triphosphate production.
- What is the purpose of the golgi apparatus?
- Golgi apparatus is responsible for packaging and alterations of subtances.
- Which part of the cell is responsible for digestion of absorbed material?
- The lysosomes are responsible for digestion of absorbed material.
- What are 2 single celled organisms?
- Protozoa and bacteria are 2 single celled organisms.
- What are 5 abilities of a cell?
- Cells can grow, develop, reproduce, adapt, and can be influenced by stimuli.
- Who was responsible for developing the first microscope?
- A French scientist by the name of Robert Hook developed the first microscope.
- Which living organism is not made up of cells?
- Viruses are not made up of cells.
- Which scientist first identified cells?
- Robert Hook first identified cells when studying crok.
- What are the 2 classifications of cells?
- The 2 classifications of cells are prokaryotic and eukaryotic.
- What are 3 examples of organisms containing prokaryotic cells?
- Prokaryotic cells are found in bacteria, algae, and mature red blood cells.
- Why is the nucleus of a mature red blood cell dissolved?
- The nucleus of a mature red blood cell is dissolved to carry more oxygen.
- What is the main goal of a cell?
- The main goal of a cell is to maintain homeostasis.
- What are the 3 main functions of the cell membrane?
- The 3 main functions of the cell membrane are boundary, gatekeeper & communication center.
- What occurs if the membrane of the cell is broken?
- If membrane is broken, entire cell dies and does not regenerate.
- What 2 body systems does the cell membrane mimic?
- The cell membrane acts like skin and skeletal system for the cell.
- When cells exist with other cells like themselves, what is the name of this structure?
- When cells exist with other similiar cells, it creates a tissue.
- What are 2 other names for the cell membrane?
- The cell membrane is also called the cell wall or plasma membrane.
- What is the purpose of phopholipids?
- Phospholipids maintain the homeostasis of cells.
- What is the purpose of protein in the cell membrane?
- Proteins in cell membrane move particles too large to pass thru membrane otherwise.
- How are the nutritional needs of cells met?
- Nutritional needs are met by exchanging gases, taking in water and minerals and food, and eliminating waste.
- What 2 ways are the the nutritional needs of cells met?
- Nutritional needs of cells are met thru passive transport and active transport.
- What is the difference between passive and active transport?
- Passive transport occurs spontaneously, active transport has to use energy.
- What are the 2 methods of passive transport?
- The 2 methods of passive transport are diffusion and osmosis.
- What is diffusion?
- Diffusion is the movement of small molecules from high concentration are to low area.
- What is osmosis?
- Fluid passes from inside of cell to outside to dissolve molecules so they can pass thru by themselves.
- What is tonicity?
- Tonicity is the ability of cells to attract water.
- What are the 3 different classifications of tonicity?
- Tonicity can be described as hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic.
- What is hypertonic tonicity?
- Hypertonic tonicity occurs when outside environment of cells has a higher concentration.
- What is hypotonic tonicity?
- Hypotonic tonicity occurs when concentration is higher within cell.
- Which tonicity classification pulls fluid inside cell to dissolve particles?
- Hypotonic states will cause cell to pull fluids inside to dissolve particles.
- Which tonicity classification pushes fluid outside cells to dilute high concentrations?
- Hypertonic states cause cells to push fluids outside to dissolve particles.
- What are 3 commonly used isotonic fluids in veterinary medicine?
- Commonly used isotonic solutions are LRS, D5W, and normal saline.
- Which 3 parts of the cell can be seen with a normal microscope?
- Parts of the cell that can be seen with a normal microscope are membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus.
- What is the purpose of cytoplasm?
- The purpose of cytoplasm is to suspend and support all organelles within the cell.
- What are the 3 regions of the nucleus?
- The main regions of the nucleus are the chromatin, neucleolus, and nuclear envelope.
- Which part of the nucleus makes up chromosomes?
- The chromatin makes up chromosomes.
- Which part of the cell is nicknamed "the messenger"?
- The nucleolus is also known as "the messenger".
- What is the purpose of the nuclear envelope?
- The nuclear envelope protects nucleus and regulates what goes in and out of nucleus.
- What is the purpose of centrosomes?
- The only purpose of centrosomes is during cell reproduction to help separate chromosones.
- What is the purpose of endoplasmic reticulum?
- The ER is a transport and production mechanism for fats and carbohydrates.
- What is the main job of rough ER?
- The main job of rough ER is to modify and transport proteins made by ribosomes to golgi.
- What is the site where amino acids are combined to make polypeptide chains?
- Ribosomes are the site where amino acids are combined to make polypeptide chains.
- Where are ribosomes found?
- Ribosomes are found on surface of rough ER or floating loose in cytoplasm.
- What are vacuoles?
- Vacuoles are any type of inclusion.
- When is a vacuole created?
- A vacuole is created whenever phagocytosis or pinocytosis occurs.
- What is the purpose of smooth ER?
- Smooth ER is the site for production and modification of fats and carbohydrates.
- What is a common nickname for lysosomes?
- Lysosomes are also called "suicide sacs".
- What part of the cell is considered "the powerhouse"?
- "The powerhouse" of the cell is the mitochondria.
- What is the job of the golgi apparatus?
- The golgi apparatus is to modify whatever is being excreted by cell into substance that can be utilized by other tissues and cells.
- What is the purpose of lysosomes?
- Lysosomes contain enzymes break down the substances in vacuoles, and are responsible for autolysis.
- Where are the ingested nutrients of substances conveted to energy?
- Substances manufactured by cell are converted to energy.
- What are 3 reasons cells must divide?
- Cells must divide for growth, reproduction, and replacement of worn out or injured cells.
- Which type of cells are utilized in the process of mitosis?
- Somatic or diploid cells are utilized in process of mitosis.
- Where does meiosis occur?
- Meiosis occurs in ovaries or in testes.
- What type of cell is involved in reproduction?
- Reproduction occurs in haploid cells.
- What is the end product of spermatogenesis?
- The end product of spermatogenesis is 4 viable daughter cells or gametes.
- What is oogenesis?
- Oogenesis is the creation of new ova.
- What is the difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis?
- Oogenesis only creates one viable daughter cell.
- After ova is fertilized by sperm, what is produced?
- A zygote is produced after fertilization.
- What is embryogenesis?
- Embryogenesis is the formation of a new being.
- Where does morula cleavage occur?
- Morula cleavage occurs in ovarian tube.
- Where does blastula cleavage occur?
- Blastula cleavage occurs in the wall of the uterine horn.
- How many cells are involved in morula cleavage?
- Morula cleavage consists of 16 cells.
- How many cells are involved in blastula cleavage?
- Blastula cleavage consists of 300 to 400 cells.
- What is gastrulation?
- Gastrulation is the point in growth where there is a differntiation between internal and external parts.
- What is the ectoderm?
- The ectoderm is part of the tube which will eventually become nerves, brain, spinal cord, and integumentary.
- What is the mesoderm?
- The mesoderm is the middle layer that will form bones, muscles, cartilage, blood, kidneys, and gonads.
- What is the endoderm?
- The endoderm is the inside layer which forms the hollow tube for digestive, respiratory, and glands.
- What is organogenesis?
- Organogenesis is the formation of organs.
- What is the control center of the cell?
- The nucleus is the control center of the cell.
- What packages and secretes substances?
- The golgi apparatus packages and secretes substances.
- What is found in pairs and pulls the chromosomes to separate poles during cell division?
- The centrioles are found in pairs and pulls the chromosones to separate poles.
- What propels mucus and debris across the cell membrane?
- Cilia propels mucus and debris across the cell membrane.
- What produces lipids and steroids?
- Smooth endoplasmic reticulum produces lipids and steroids.
- What is the site of protein synthesis?
- The site of protein synthesis are the ribosomes.
- What is the transport system throughout the cytoplasm?
- The microtubules are the transport system throughout the cytoplasm.
- What part of the cell contains RNA?
- The nucleolus contains RNA.
- Which part of the cell produces ATP?
- Mitochondria produces ATP.
- What is the jelly like substance that suspends the organelles within the cell?
- The jelly like substance in the cell that supports organelles is the cytoplasm.
- What is responsible for digestion of absorbed material?
- Lysosomes are responsible for digestion of absorbed material.
- What separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm?
- The nuclear envelope separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm.
- What part of the cell transports and modifies proteins?
- The rough endoplasmic reticulum transports and modifies proteins.
- What is the boundary, gatekeeper, and communications center of the cell?
- The cell membrane serves as boundary, gatekeeper, and communications center.
- What part of the cell forms chromosomes?
- The chromatin forms chromosones.
- What is the difference in concentration of two solutions called?
- The difference between concentrations of two solutions is called the pressure gradient.
- What is composed of two centrioles?
- A centrosome is composed of two centrioles.
- What is responsible for surrounding and removing harmful material from the cell?
- Lysosomes surround and remove harmful material from the cell.
- What are the 2 major functional regions of the eukaryotic cell?
- The 2 major functional regions of the eukaryotic cell are the nucleus and cytoplasm.
- What part of the cell is responsible for the synthesis and transport of glycogen, lipids, and steroids?
- The smooth ER is responsbile for synthesis and transport of glycogen, lipids, and steroids.
- What is epithelial?
- Epithelial pertains to the cellular covering of internal and external surfaces of body.
- What is synthesis?
- Synthesis is the creation of a compound by union of elements.
- What are the 3 skin layers?
- The 3 skin layers are the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous.
- What are some of the functions of skin?
- Skin acts as an enclosing barrier, temperature regulator, environmental protection, sensory preceptor, flexibility, storage, and pigmentation.
- Flaky skin and greasy hair can be an indicator of what condition?
- Flaky skin and greasy hair can be a sign of diabetes.
- What are the 4 shape classifications of epithelial tissue?
- The 4 shape classifications are squamous, cuboidal, columnar, and pseudostratified columnar.
- What are the 4 arrangement classifications of epithelial tissue?
- The 4 arrangement classifications are simple, stratified, transitional, and glandular.
- What epithelial shape classification is found in most secreting glands?
- Secreting glands contain cuboidal epithelials.
- What epithelial shape classification is found in upper respiratory tract?
- Pseudostratified columnar epithelials are found in upper respiratory tract.
- What epithelial shape classification is found in the nose?
- Columnar epithelials are located in the nose.
- What epithelial shape classification covers most of the external body?
- Squamous epithelials cover most of the external body.
- What is a transitional arrangement of epithelial tissue?
- Transitional epithelials are a combination of cuboidal and squamous.