International Relations Final Exam
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- Herbert Hoover
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-1929, Herbert Hoover becomes president
-he was an administrator during WWI (food production/distribution)
-Secretary of commerce for Coolidge (mid 20’s)
-expectation that this period of enormous growth in the U.S. will continue growing - October 29: Wallstreet Nightmare
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-in the 1920’s there is enormous speculation on Stocks
-experienced traders get out of the stock market as soon as they realize what’s going on and then there is a ripple effect…stock prices continue to go down
-stock market crashes (October, 1929) = major event that helps usher in the Great Depression - Economic Problems during the 1920's
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-underlying social unrest of the 1920’s: there is a lot of unequal distribution of wealth and prosperity (elites and poor)
-overproduction and under consumption = imbalance
-international tariff war
-expansion of availability of easy credit - U.S. government response to crash + Europe's response
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-response of the U.S. government to the stock market crash = ripple effect on American economy (banks, farms, etc close) = congress reacts by putting in more protectionism (expand tariffs to protect American jobs)
=> Hawley Smoot Tariff = 60% tariff
-Other countries begin to do the same thing and this causes a decline in world trade on a grand scale. - The Breakup of the International Economic System
- -as other countries reciprocate this exacerbates the problem
- What Britain does in response to U.S. tariffs/depression
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-the British institute a system of Imperial Preference = tariff wall around the entire empire = expected to help them recover.
-this essentially makes Britain a closed economic bloc - French and German response
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-The French institute a system of Imperial Preference
-The Germans do the same thing
-Crystallization of economic blocs – goods don’t come in or out
= all aspects of International Trade comes to a halt/dwindle to nothing - Gold Standard and Currency blocs
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-Gold standard collapses
-Currency blocs = only use domestic currency for trade, other currency can’t be used. - The Hoover Moratorium, 1930-1931
- -June 21, 1931 Hoover calls for a 1 year moratorium = leaves reparation payments alone (interest still accumulates).
- Presidential Election 1932 & conditions at the time
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-1932 Hoover loses election to Franklin Delano Roosevelt (huge loss).
-When FDR comes to office the unemployment rate is at 25%
-bankruptcy/banks are closing and people lose money
-Increasing social unrest – people get agitated
-communism and fascism becomes a much more appealing alternative to liberal democracy
-no social services/welfare/security available = when you lose your money and job you’re on your own. - FDR's motto
- ⬝relief, recovery and reform⬝
- Roosevelt’s New Deal
- = social, economic and political reform
- New Deal: 1) Bank Holidays
- - Bank Holidays (1933) = closes the banks = stops people from going in and withdrawing all of their money. Stabilizing effect – by the time banks re-open the FDIC is created.
- New Deal: 2) FDIC
- - FDIC (1933) = Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation = ensures deposits by federal government = stabilizing banking situation.
- New Deal: 3) Civilian Conservation Corps
- - Civilian Conservation Corps (1933) = Federal Government creates jobs for people = people can buy things and get economy moving
- New Deal: 4) The National Industrial Recovery Act
- - The National Industrial Recovery Act (1933) = regulate prices, wages, relations between businesses, workers, and unions = eventually overturned by Supreme court (done often).
- New Deal: 5) Tennessee Valley Authority
- Tennessee Valley Authority (1933) = electricity to all for affordable price, controlled Tennessee flooding, improved navigation
- New Deal: 6) The Works Progress Admnistration
- - The Works Progress Administration (1935) = Federal Government creates jobs for people = people can buy things and get economy moving
- New Deal: 7) Social Security
- - Social Security (1935) = social security, welfare, and a safety net for people.
- FDR is willing
- to deficit spend.
- The Effects of the Depression in Europe: US involvement
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- The U.S. had been underwriting the European Economy
- Had to pull out of there completely
- Situation continues to deteriorate - The Effects of the Depression in Europe: Hoover Moratorium
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- Bank in Austria closes and they approach Germany to create an economic union – French say no way, too big of a threat = continuing animosity.
- Roosevelt tries to get the Europeans to reduce tariffs – doesn’t happen.
- 1 Year Hoover Moratorium becomes a permanent moratorium because power default on their payments
- Depression is so intense and deep they cant pay back loans and reparations. - The Effects of the Depression in Europe: US response to no reparation payments
- - By 1934, Hiram Johnson (US Senate) passes an act in the Senate that says no American whatsoever can lend money to Europe = Johnson Act (result of default).
- The Effects of the Depresison in Europe: Germany
- - Problem: Germany begins to rearm during the 1930’s and the Europeans don’t have the funds to do likewise.
- The Effects of the Depression worldwide
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=> Incredibly difficult situation (New Deal doesn’t really help) in the United States
- Fascism and Communism become much more appealing to people (even in the U.S.) - Heinrich Bruning
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(1930-1933) Elected to power
-Hindenburg is still president but power lies in chancelor (Bruning)
-Bruning Tries to get Germany out of the depression - Bruning's measures to take Germany out of depression: 1) Inflation
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-brings on deflation to lower prices of German goods to make them more competitive internationally
-increases taxes, reduces government spending and tries to encourage no consumerism.
= negative consequences: no jobs and standard of living goes down. - The Reichstag and Bruning
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-German parliament
-starting to turn against Bruning
-he ignores them.
-Bruning Hindenburg to pass an emergency decree allowing him to rule w/o parliament.
-> Beginning of authoritarianism in germany. - Dissolve Parliament and the consequences
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1932 - He dissolves the parliament and calls for new election
-> backfires = in new election the number of communists rises and there is a rise in Nazi party deputees (12 to 107) - Nazi rise to power in the Reichstag
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By 1932, the Nazi party is the 2nd largest party in the Reichstage -> increased power in a legal way.
-nothing anyone can do. - The Collapse of the Versailles Treaty by Germany
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-Bruning's foreign policy looks to over throw the Versailles Treaty.
-after the Hoover Moratorium Germany also refuses to pay reparations (1931) = violation of the Versailles treaty.
-Bruning pushes for rearming (demands this right) - The Rise of Hitler: Bye bye Bruning
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-by 1932 the Depression has grown
-Bruning is forced from position. - The Rise of Hitler: elections
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1932, July - 2nd round of elections, Nazi Party 107 to 230 seats.
-January 30, 1933 - Hindenburg asks Hitler to form a government and become chancellor.
- all legal - The Rise of Hitler: Hindenburg asks Hitler b/c
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-Nazi party is the largest party in the reichstag
-elites think they can control hitler/they think they can manipulate him
-industrialists support him because he suppresses communists
-banks are paying for the Nazi campaign
= he can be controlled and manipulated - Hitler's History:
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-born in Austria, 1889
-father dies when he's 13, mother is dead
-gets government grant and lives off of this (hes an orphan)
-moves to Vienna then Munich
-wants to be a painter but drops out of school
-War breaks out in 1914 and he joines the german army
-heroic figure - messenger, shot in leg, wins 2 crosses.
-1918 blinded/injured by a gas attack - Hitlers History: galvanized
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1919 he hears about armistice and this galvanizes his political beliefs
-german army is stabbed in the back
-social democrats are responsible
-hitler doesnt like the versailles treaty, Paris Peace conference or the armistice - Hitlers History: Germans Workers Party
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-works for military intelligence, joins paramilitary force
-gets involved with German Worker Party - takes over fast/his rhetoric isnt new
-1921 he renames it = Nationalist Socialist German Workers Party = Nazi (nationalist party) - Hitlers History: Rise to power
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-early 1920's hes very insignificant
-works on gaining power and popularity
-1923 Munich Beer Hall Putsch = Lendendorf and Hitler tyr to take over government and are arrested and put in prison
-while in prison hitler writes Mein Kampf, 1925 - Mein Kampf
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-help from his assistant, Heff
-lays out Hitlers vision for germany
-3 key theories: lebenstraum, geopolitics, racial theory - Mein Kampf: 1) Lebenstraum
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= living space
-comes from Thomas Malfus (1798) = argues population growth will outstrip the food supply = disease, unrest, famine and war
-Hitler applies these ideas to Germany
=Germany needs more living space
-sees other countries have unlimited space (Russia/US/GB)
-> Germany needs to expand eastward into contigous land. - Mein Kampf: 2) Geopolitics
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-Mackinder, control heartland = control world
-Hitler wants to gain control and expand eastward so he can control the world.
-believes germany is surrounded by hostile countries
-stuck in the center with no outlet. - Mein Kampf: 3) Racial Theory
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-strong aspect
-tapping into existing theories/views
-applies it to Hitler's lebenstraum in east (slavs/jews are inferior)
-germans are superior race
-land in the east is predominantly jewish, and hitler sees the jews as a race
-get rid of people because its german territory (picks up ideas in vienna and sees what other powers did to natives) - 1933 Hitler
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Hitler becomes chancellor and tries to make all of germany a 1 party state = Nazi
-destroys communist party thru brute force and pushing them out of election.
-S.S = paramilitary
-gets rid of social democrats - Reichstag Fire, February 1933
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= seen as a communist conspiracy
-find a dutch communist within the fire, Marinus Van der Lubbe = scapegoat
-lucky break for nazis giving them a pretext - Reichstag Fire: Hitlers response
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-takes a dictatorial authoritarian position
-asks Hindenburg to suspend the Weimar Constitution because of threaty
-gets the enabling act = allows Hitler to rule by decree and dictate legislation by himself (renewed every 4 years)
=authoritarian rule begins, not much attention paid to Hitler until 1935 - 1935: Hitlers rearmament
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Hitler announces to Reichstag that Germany is goign to rearm unilaterally
-conscription: army of 550,000, build navy and air force
= world responds with condemnation but dont do anything about it.
-Hitler uses League rhetoric = "whyshould we disarm if you dont?" - 1936 distraction
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Other powers are distracted in 1936
-Spanish-Civil War
-Italy's Invasion of Abysinia (Ethiopia) - Spanish Civil War, 1936
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-Spain becomes a republic in 1931
-since then there is conflict over who will dominate
-run by moderate catholic party til 1936.
-1936 popular front wins control (oppose fascism, response to Stalin/Mussolini)
-all groups work together (communists, democrats, etc) - Spanish Civil War: Popular front outrage
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Popular front comes to power and causes outrage to the nationalists (no elite/church power) = huge threat
-Spanish military revolts led by Gernal Francisco Franco (he's in spanish morocco) = army coup, navy isnt involved. - Gernal Francisco Franco
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-Franco calls Hitler for help getting from Morocco to Spain
-Hitler obliges because Franco is a fascist
-helps move nationalist forces and Hitler and Mussolini send troops and planes (volunteers = good test for air force) - Ideological battle
- =stark ideological battle between fasicsm vs. popular front government (repubs, liberals, democrats, socialists)
- Guernica
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Guernica attack = Hitler terror bombs spanish cities = this has not been seen before
-capitalizing moement for people - seen as an outrage - Spanish Civil War: World intervention
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-US and Gb wont get involved
-League does nothing
-many countries leave the league
-Spain isnt important, its peripheral
-Britain is in the midst of appeasement (dont want S.U. to intervene and dont want to antagonize Italy and Germany) - Soviet Union help
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-Stalin supplies the popular front w/ supplies because he knows what the fascists are interested in.
-Soviets lead international brigades - volunteers fighting for republicans (not necessarily soviet supporters)
-Stalin fosters suspicion between groups, wants this to be a communist movement. - 1939 nationalist party victory
- Franco wins and takes control
- The End of Collective Security: Abysinia
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-Italy really wants Abysinia
-Mussolini wants this colony and surround it with 2 colonies
-Mussolini engineers a border struggle allowing Italy to come in
-1 sided fight - have all the new technology and equipment (testing ground) - Abysinia, emporer
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-emporor of Abysinia is Haile Sellassie
-goes to the league and gives speech for help (this is about all nations of the world)
-league does nothing - Abysinia, League Intervention and invasion
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-League puts useless sanctions on Italy
-should've pout it on oil and should've colosed the Suez Canal
= ends of league
= dont want to act too extremely to antagonize germany and italy
=> Invasion of Abysinia in 1935. - The Formation of the Axis: the axis pact
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-these past events strengthen the relations between Italy and Germany.
-Axis Pact, 1936 (Italy and Germany) - The Formation of the Axis: other pacts
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-Anti-Communist Intern pact directed at teh Soviet Union in 1936 (Germany Japan and Italy in 1937)
-Pact of Steel 1939 = alliance is stronger (germany and italy(
-Tripartite Pact 1940 (Germany, Italy and Japan) - anti communist
-italy leaves league - Appeasement
- 1930's appeasement didnt have bad connotations, it was considered diplomacy.
- Sources for British and French appeasement: 1) trauma
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-traumatic effect/memories of WWI
-nobody was untouched
-war had an enormous impact
-nobody wants another war - Sources for British and French appeasement: 2) guilt about versailles
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-esp in britain
-germans were treated too harsley
-cont thru 20's and 30s
-germany has a right to what its doing
-Hitler uses national self determination to justify what he's doing (turns V. treaty on its head, until 1939) - Sources for British and French appeasement: 3) Anti Communism
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-Hitler is anti-communist and manipulates this
-GB and France are too
-Fascism is a new appealing force - Sources for British and French appeasement: 4) Awe at Germany's Achievements
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-the way Hitler turns Germany around
-he's onto something
-fascism is dynamic and exciting
-we need to accomodate to Hitler
-Support from King Edward VIII and David Lloyd George - German Revisions of Versailles Treaty: 1) Rearm
- 1) March 1935 Hitler rearms
- German Revisions of Versailles Treaty: 2)Anglo-German naval agreement
- 2) June 1935 Anglo-German naval agreement (german navy cant be bigger than 1/3 GB army)
- German Revisions of Versailles Treaty: 3) Rhineland
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3) March 7 1936, remilitarization of the rhineland
-symbolic test = small march
-nobody does anythign so he remilitarizes
-not a flagrant violantion of teh Lacarno pact
-self determination
-emboldens hitler and sends terrible message to newly constructed countries
-builds a "seigfried line" = massive system of fortification = impossible for France to invade Germany and protect the allies. - German Revisions of Versailles Treaty: 4) Anschluss
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4) March 12, 1938 - Anschluss with Austria
-Austria is predominantly German
-Austria wants to be apart of Germany and allies dont like this
-self-dtermination
-wants nazi party powerful in austria
-austrian government refuses but in 1938 - pressure mounts and germany is going to invade
-Austrian prime minister, Von Schussnig is summed to Germany
-goes back to Austria and blindsides Hitler (wants people to vote for their govt)
-> Hitler is pissed and mobilizes against them
-Schussnig allows him into Austria
-Germany comes in and is unopposed. - issues with the Czech
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-Czech is in the calws of germany
-defense is against Germany not austria
-sudetenland = 3.5 million german speakers = apart of Czech given to them during PP conference
-National self determination is resisted by the Czech
-Hitler hints hes going to mobilize
-Nevel Chamberlain = British Prime minister keeps butting in - doesnt want war.
-FDR intervenes - last effort sept 1938 - German Revisions of Versailles Treaty: 5) Munich Agreement
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September 1938
-all german speaking territory in czech transferred to Germany (Sudetenland, South Czech and Tesh)
-Poland recieves Teschen
-S. Slovakia annexed to hungary
-Chamberlain declares peace in our time!
-Hitler outright attacks the Czechs - never done before, pretenses are off
-Hitler annxes half of Czech (Bohemia, Moravia)
-Chamberlain and the French Prime Minister realize that appeasement isnt working
-appeasement ends - Hitlers non stop efforts
- Nonstop efforts to undermine and overturn the versailles treaty
- German economy
- german economy has recovered because of the dawes plan, prosperous democracies, and the weimar republic stablized
- Anti democracy
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undercurrent of anti democracy
-hindenburg, 1925
-people want an autocratic state to return (imperial)
-military leaders - Great Depression
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sends it over the end
removes the US from undermining the European economy - The Interamerican Region
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-change in relationship between U.S. and Latin America in the 30's
-begins during Coolidge 20's
-increasing resentment -> looking to change administration
-right to intervene = Monroe Doctrine and Roosevelt Collary
-Coolidge and Hoover preserve U.S. economic relationship -> needs to change - J. Rubin Clark
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1928 J Rubin Clark (assistant secretary of state) reviews policy
-Clark Memorandum = argues that teh U.S. doesnt have the right to intervene as it has been (esp. Militarily)
-doesnt change teh Monroe Doctrine (directed at Europe)
-criticizes the Roosevelt Corollary (directed at LA) - Clark Memorandum
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-repudiated the Corollary
-revised american policy toward latin america
-nothing really changes until 1933 when Roosevelt comes to office - Japan embarassment
- -US is changing policy because its becoming an international embarassment because Japan is belligerant towards China and is using U.S. tactics and justifications to justify what they're doing throughout the 1930s
- 1933 Roosevelt President
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-inaugural address = changes in relations
= the good neighbor policy 1933 (term used by Hoover, but Roosevelt makes changes) - FDR speech in front of Latin American Union
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1) Withdraw all troops from LA and Caribean, no more deployment of marines (exception in Guantalamo Bay and Panama Canal - own both)
2) 1934 Roosevelt repeals the Platt amendment from Cuba (no right to intervene)
=> Major Shift
-U.S. in LA doesnt stop - continues under different guises. - Nicaragua
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U.S. Marines were there from 1912-1924 then came back in 1927.
-Cesar Augusto Sandino = creates paramilitary force to fight U.S. and supporters are the elites = guerilla war.
-U.S. troops leave in 1933 and Sandino no longer has an enemy - Sandino meets with President
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-Sandino arranges to meet with President Juan Baptista Sacasa = declares amnest for Sandino and forces as long as Sandino pledges loyalty to government, disbans forces
-also allowed to set up an agricultural cooperative in N. Nicaragua
-Sandino does this - as U.S. marines leave there is a fear that this will create more unrest in Nicaragua.
-so the US set up a national guard (nicaraguans) to maintain stability w/o US presence - Nicaraguan National Guard
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-General Antonio Samoza Garcia put in charge of guard
= used to increase his own personal power in Nicaragua
-Sandino is not happy and sees him as a US puppet.
-1934 Sandino travels to managua to meet w/ samoza - Sandino and Samoza meet
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-When Sandino arrives he and his men are kidnapped and killed.
-Somoza consolidates power and in 1936 he takes over Presidency and remains in power until his death in 1956. - Somoza
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-runs Nicaragua as a dictator
= staunch ally of the U.S. working for their interests - US w/ Nicaragua
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-US gets the stability and order they wanted and a strong ally
-neo-imperialism = work thru other people
-"he's a son of a bitch, but he's our son of a bitch"
-FDR is worried about axis subversion in LA (german and italian) -> thinks immigrants are agents.
-having a dictator will not allow this and europeans cant intervene at all - Cuba
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leader = Fulgencio Batista Ceases power in military in 1933-1959 (overthrown by castro), dictator
-welcomes U.S. interests in Cuba, esp in sugar - Dominican Republic
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leader = Rafael Trujillo comes to power thru coup in 1933
-does all things US wants to keep out threats
-dictator - Cuba and Dominican Republic
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-national guard
-allies w/ the US
-done thru leaders and economic ties as the main trading partern w/ LA (replaced Germany) - FDR and Cordell Hull
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-FDR knwos the best way to come out of depression is thru international trade
-Cordell Hull (secretary of state) agrees, thinks it will help end international conflict because of economic ties = end depression
-U.S is trying to get France and GB to bring down tariff barriers = doesnt work.
-turn to LA to seel goods - The Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act
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1934
US and LA negotiates reduction in tariff barriers agreements (Hull)
-success
-step in righ direction - reduction in protectionism and tariffs
-bines LA and US together -> maintain and deepen US influence - Problem for LA
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LA flaw in relationship = countries rely on a single commodity
-very vulnerable to fluctuations in market
-makes them reliant on supply and demand in the US
-US doesnt suffer from this - Mexico and the US
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-exception
-1917 Mexican new consitution restricting foreign investment
-1918 - oil belongs to Mexico - no foreign ownership
-most are owned by US and GB - Wilson and Obregon Compromise
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-Wilson and Obregon compromise = doesnt apply to old previsions only new.
-works good until 1937-1938 - Tension in Mexico
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because of labor dispute between Mexican laborers/unions and U.S and GB oil companies
-Mexican court rules in favor of laborers = outrage in US and GB - Lazaro Cardnas
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Meixcan President, not friendly w/ the US
-announces that the Mexican government is going to nationalize these companies assets. - response
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= distributors boycot mexican oil
= other countries (italy and germany) need oil -> they buy it in response to boycot - Compromise
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1941 US and GB reach a compromise = Mexico compensates for losses and U.S and GB buy Mexican oil
=Meixco has control over its own oil assets. - The European Threat and the Evolution of a Hemispheric Security System
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-the war effects Western hemispheric security
-thru out 1930s efforts made to tie the US and LA together as threat in europe intensifies
-threat: axis subversion fears (spies) - The European Threat and the Evolution of a Hemispheric Security System: 1) Inter-American Conference
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1936 - Inter-American Conference for the maintenance of Peace, Buenos Aires (Argentina)
-important: 1936 - Spanish Civil War and Hitler
=response to events in Europe - 1) Inter-American Conference continued
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indication of greater cooperation
-argentina wants it to be done thru the league - cont to bother the US - The European Threat and the evolution of a Hemispheric Security System: 2) Lima Conference
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Peru, 1938
-Response to Europe: Munich conference, Ausslaus in Austria
-Declaration of Lima = pledge to cooperate w/ each other if theres any foreign intervention
-create a committe for consolidation
-argentina signs this - The European Threat and the evolution of a Hemispheric Security System: 2) Panama Conference
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Sept to Oct 1939
1939 Hitler invades Poland
-create a neutral zone around the Western Hemisphere
-various agreements to tackle threat of axis subversion - The European Threat and the evolution of a Hemispheric Security System: 3) Havana Conference
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July 1940
-Response: defeat of Holland and France
-both have colonies in the Western Hemisphere = fear they will be transferred to Germany
= no transfer revolution = no european country can transfer sovereignty to any other european power
= become indep or under tuteledge of another LA country
- an attack against 1 is an attack against all = total response - The European Threat and the evolution of a Hemispheric Security System: Multilaterization
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Multilaterization of the Monroe Doctrine = everyone joines (Even LA)
-increased military cooperation and preparedness
-US identifies need in raw materials from LA and they get first dibs - The Soviet Union in the 1930's
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1930 SU transforms itself from being weak to being an industrial power
-cost to people
-debts and costly
-before the war they were 1 of the primary exporters of grain (came from the Ukraine)
-WWI and Revolution destoryed SU agriculture
-thru 1920s bc of these events russia is in poor shape
-malnutrition, faminine (US food intervention)
-Bolshevik collectivization = people own nothing and its all collected and distributed (no incentive to work)
-Lenin's Hording - ended by Stalin - Collectivization in Industry
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same thing is happening in industry
-Labor batallions = force people to work - Patriotism
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Bolsheviks instill a strong sense of communism thru patriotism/loyalty to Russia
- get peasantry on board - Costs of Enormous Production: 1) Ukraine Famine
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1932-1933
-surplus taken from Ukraine
-Stalin forces a policy of starvation on the Ukraine
-7 million die
-helps Stalin gets rid of the threat of Ukrainian national identity - Costs of Enormuos production: 2) Gulag Archipelago
- forced labor camps for political enemies on a massive scale
- Costs of enormous production: 3) Forced execution
- of perceived enemies
- costs of enormous production: imprisonment
- of perceived enemies
- End of Isolationism
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Internationally:
-Stalin is threatened by Hitler because hes coming east and he knows wat he did to the German communist party
-1934 Massive SU change in foreign policy - looked outward, no more isolationism, League of Nations interest - Maxim Litvinov
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pushes for LN membership, 1934 joins = collective security
-tries to convince others of threat - US recognizes SU
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1934 the US recognizes SU
-concerned about hitler
-SU hopes for US help - Franco-Soviet Alliance
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1936
they were nemeies bc the tsars debts were repudiated = huge change because of Hitler threat
-great for both sides (2 front war returns) - Popular Front Strategy
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1936
-SU announces change in Communist party doctrine = communist party can work w/ any party thats anti-fascist
-popular front govt has to work w/ rearmament internally and prepare anti-fascist policies in every aspect
= pragmatic approach by Stalin to get Europe to stand up against Hitler (revive triple entente?) - Obstacles to Russias return to European System: 1) Memories of Brest-Litovsk
- -Russia (communists) cant be trusted
- Obstacles to Russias return to European System: 2) French financial claims
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French has financial claims agianst SU (compensation)
-made alliance bc they feared Russian and German alliance - Obstacles to Russias return to European System: 3) Fear of Communism
- Fear of communism in europe and us
- Obstacles to Russias return to European System: 4) Problem of Poland
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-reconstituted out of Russian empire
-fear that the SU are just as revisionist in that they want to overthrow the Versaille Treaty to get poland back
-Russian tension w Poland - Munich, Prague and the Quest for a new triple entente 1938-1939: Munich Conference
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Stalin keeps pushing and europeans dont care if hitler is going east
-escaserbated by Munich conference and invasion of Czech = european countries cant be trusted
-Bc of continuing appeasement Stalin realizes europeans wont come aboard (As long as hitler is going east he'll get no support) - Munich, Prague and the Quest for a new triple entente 1938-1939: Invasion of Czech
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Appeasement ends and try to approach Stalin to try to revive triple entente
-too late for Stalin, insulted by the low ranking officials who are sent to moscow
-Stalin realizes he needs to make a deal w/ Hitler - Munich, Prague and the Quest for a new triple entente 1938-1939: Europes deal w/ stalin
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Poland is in the way of Germany and Russia
- if deal is made w/ GB and France Poland must allow Russian troops to come thru it - rejected - The Return to Brest-Litovsk: Rapallo: The Soviet-Nazi Pact
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Max Lixtanov is fired bc hes a jew = message to hitler that the SU is ready to negotiate
-August 23, 1939 = SU and Germany make the Nazi-Soviet Non agression pact = 10 years
-security for stalin because he knows it wont last 10 years
-stalin had rid of his army because they were a threat = hes just buying time
-work out a secret agreement to divideup poland (germany=west, SU=east)
-Hitler doesnt have to fight a 2 front war - The Emergence of the Middle East 1919-1939
- -the idea of a place called the middle east didnt exist until 1919
- The Emergence of the Middle East 1919-1939: Ottoman Empire, the sick man of europe
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-thru out the 19th century the Ottoman Empire declines = sick man of europe
-being pushed out of europe physically
-by 1914 the empire had shrunken dramatically
-being pushed out of north africa
-> by the great powers
-empire has been weakened by the war and the nationalist outbreak
-France doesnt want russia gaining land from the Ottomans.
-multi national empire = slavs/arabs/turks/africans = problematic - The Emergence of the Middle East 1919-1939: Leader
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By the time of WWI the leader is Sultan Mehmed V (1901-1918)
-little formal power - Ottoman and German Alliance
- -ally w/ Germans WWI because germans make an effort to get alliance prior to war (Economic efforts/staffing amry w/ germans/modernize them/germans are against the russians)
- Mehmed as Caliph
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Mehmed is also the caliph= he speaks for all Muslims (Islamic World)
-he can declare jihad (holy war)
-causes dissension bc theres lots of Muslims living int hese places (tactic)
-pretty ineffective, no response - Ottomans role in WWI
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-play a minor role except for Gallipoli
-by 1917 GB is out of Gallipoli
-start a 2 prong assault from egypt to Jerusalem (significant holy land)
-General Edmund Allenby enters Jerusalem, Dec 1917 - symbolic victory, say in wahts to happen next - Lawrence of Arabia
- - T.E. Lawrence (Lawrence of Arabia) - Colonel in army and archiologist = tries to get Arabs to fight turkish ottomans.
- Sharif Hussein Bin Ali
-
Kind of the Heshemites (ruling tribe in arabian peninsula), works w/ Lawrence
- hes in control of the Hejaz (strip of Arabian peninsula) - Lawrence and Sharif Hussein Bin Ali
-
good to work w/ him beause he has 2 pros on his side
1) ruler of 2 most holy cities, Mecca and Medina = power in Islamic world
2) claims ancestry directly from Muhammed - Islamic prophet.
= speaks on behalf of Arabs
- Allies w/ GB and decalres himself the Calip and declares Jihad on the Ottomans. - Promise to Arabs
-
July 1915 to March 1916 negotations
-Sir Henry McMahon = high commissioner negotiates w/ Hussein to start revolt.
=> Promises:
1) british will help arabs create an independent Arab state after war ends if they rise against ottomans. - Palestine
-
Palestine is under Ottoman control
-approached sultan but he rejected it
-no need for jewish state, they could just live in ottoman empire - welcoming them. - Uganda
- -Approach GB - GB offers them Uganda = not keen on this (Uganda Plan)
- Herzl Dies - new leader
-
Herzel dies in 1904 w/ Uganda plan
-after his death International Zionist Organization gets new leader = Dr. Chaim Weizmann (british jew) - Dr. Chaim Weizmann
-
est good links w/ Arthur Balfour (Foreign Secretary)
-does this because hes involved w/ war effort bc hes a chemistry professor - Balfour
-
Idea to foster British support - get American jews involved, foster resetnment by all jews to lands they're in.
-Sentimental notion about bible and israel - Balfour Declaration
-
Nov 2 1917 =
-est. Palestine as a Jewish homeland = not a state
-concerned about breeching right of those who are already there
-dont want this to be a reason to persecute jews anymore
-> British recognize it as a home.
-tension between what the British promised Arabs and Zionists - Sykes-Picot Agreement
-
1917, deal w/ French
-Begin carving up areas of middle east bc they think they'll win
-Palestine = international control
-Syria = a zone = french
-Iraq = b zone = british
- red zone = british
-blue zone = french control
= all these agreements are published before the war ends by the Bolsheviks - to undermine capitalist imperial power. - Paris Peace Conference: Prince Faisal, Zionists and Mandates
-
-Prince Faisal = Husseins son
-behalf of Arabs w/ Lawrence of Arabia
-Zionists were there too
-> plan to create mandates, LN controlled but French administered
-laregely bc wilson doesnt want to see people gain colonies from war of democracy
-a mandates = closest to self governing
=> 1920 - Conference in San Remo, Italy = Mandates officially drawn up - British Mandates
-
British Mandate of Palestine is big and its chopped up
-west = palestine
-east = transjordan
-write into mandate = balfour declaration into Palestine but not into transjordan
-1922 becomes official - French Mandates
-
have religious problems
-Lebanon = Christians vs. Muslims
-Prince Faisal is invited by Syria to become king of Syria before mandate is official
-french take him out by force/war
-kicked out and exiled to GB - 1920's + 1930's Immigration tension
-
Jewish immigration is a source of tension for GB
-jews can immigrate to Palestine
- as time goes on the Jewish comunity creates a jewish society - Herbert Samuel
-
Commissioner-Jewish
-wants to enforce Balfour - Mohammad Amin Al-Husseini
-
Mufti of Jerusalem (Islamic/Arab/Muslim leader) = pan arab ideal
- thorne in British side - 2 Factions of Jewish Movement: 1) David Ben-Gurion
-
Leader of practical/labor zionism
-agricultural/communal
-non-violence - 2 Factions of Jewish Movement: 2) Smaller Group - Revisionist Zionism
-
Small group-revisionist zionism
-led by Vladimir Jabotinsky
-militant
-take what they can get by force
-more forceful assertion against arabs - Jewish immigration rises
-
-tension w/ arabs
-arabs have support all around
-anti-zionism
-Hitler exascerbates this in 1933 - allows German jews to go to Palestine - Riots
- 1933 = outbreaks of riots
- The Great Uprising
-
1936 = riots, terrorism, fighting, robberies
-situation becomes untenable for GB so they look for a solution
-1936: worried about hitler - Royal Peel Commission Plan, 1937
-
-idea of making 2 separate states: Jewish and Arab states
-holy cities will be open to both - under GB rule (nobody is happy w/ this) - White Paper Policy
-
1939 - White Paper Policy statement by GB
-1 single secular state
-Balfour Decl. did what it had to
-restrict further immigration to 75,000 in next 5 years (1/3 of total population)
-any further immigration needs to be approved by Arabs
-> both sides reject this
-WWII breaks out and GB forget about Palestine - Drawing the Map of the Middle East: The Cairo Conference
-
1921
-Winston Churchill (British Prime Minister)
-leads Arab "experts" to try to draw up borders in Cairo
-TE Lawrence = British rep - Gertrude Bell
-
-Gertrude Bell - influential w British and Hesshimites
-convinces Churchill that they need to make a system where it looks like they're running themselves
-Prince Faisal is made king of Iraw
-King Abdula (Husseins son) is king in transjordan
- British think this is a good idea - Faisal to Mesopotamia (Iraq)
-
-king
-bell is his advisor
-Iraq =
-nationalist iraquiis = see fiasal as a british puppet, british support faisal completely
-GB is interested in oil - maintain control - Rebellion in Iraq
-
Rebellion breaks out in 1920s and continue on a low level thru out mandates
-gb uses bombs to control people - Problem: Border of Iraq
-
-Percy Cox = commissioner draws border
-draws border w/ Kuwait
-Kuwait = british protectorate
-blow to Iraq = Kuwait is apart of them and blocks access to persian gulf - Curd Minority
-
look for a separate state
-bc they're incorporated into syria, iraq and turkey - Iraq gets "Independence"
-
from GB in 1932
-GB remains involved - Abdullah in Transjordan
-
-given throne as reward for help in war
-same situation as iraq
-dependent on GB
-Abdullah is broad - wants a much larger pan-arab area
-seen as a puppet
-transjordan gets independence in 1946 and becomes jordan in 1949
-highly tied to GB - Saudi Arabia, 1932
-
2 forces want leadership
1) West Arabia - Sharif Hussain
2) Saud - Persia
-
had been long independent
-before WWI Russia and GB are in conflict over Persia -> route to India and outlet to Persian gulf - 1906 Anglo Russian Entente
-
-settle problem by dividing it into spheres
-north = russia
-middle = neutral (controlled by Reza Shah Pahlavi)
-south = british - Oil found in Persia
-
-middle stays neutral until oil is found by GB
-they want control so they go into neutral zone
-Pahlavi has complete control of Persia in 1925-becomes Shah w/ British Interests
-renames the country Iran
-modernize/westernize/control
-cont to rely on British - run oil
-Anglo-Persian oil company formed
-britian becomes incrasingly predominant in Iran - Turkey
-
-Mustafa Kemal-Ataturk
-Ottoman empire is still in existance until 1922-1923. - Treaty of Sev
-
=treaty w/ Ottoman Empire
-wanted to divide turkey up/as well as the rest of the empire
-assign spheres of influence = greek/italian/british/french
=> enormous resentment in Turkey. - Resentment in Turkey
-
-turkish nationalist movment led by Mustafa Kemal Ataturk = not pleased by treaty of Sev
-As greeks arrive to take West-Kemal attacks and war breaks out. - National Identity in turkey
-
-Kemal is pushing turkish national identity (not Ottoman identity)
-by 1922 hes thrown Greeks, Italians and French out
=forms modern day Turkey - Ataturk does..(modernization, official turkey)
-
-does away w/ vestiges of Ottoman empire -> modernization
-By Oct 1923 Ottoman empire is gone, and official Turkey exists. - Treaty of Lausanne
-
1923
-Turkey refuses to sign treaty of Sev
-1923 Turkey is established - Kemal's ideals: Secular, westernized
-
-fosters turkish nationalism
-1922 last Sultan leaves
-1924 abolishes Caliphate (spiritual islamic leader) = secular, not islamic
-insists on secularity
-changes alphabet = westernized
-civil rights
-military modernization
-european orientation = turkey is apart of europe - The European War 39-41
-
-by mid 1939 Stalin concludes the British and French shouldnt be relied upon
-Nazi-Soviet Non-agression pact (1939)
-solves the threat of a 2 front war, hilter wants to go east, helps stalin bc troops are purged.
-Hitler and Soviet decide to divide Poland - Invasion of Poland
-
Sept 1. 1939 -Hitler uses pretext: Mistreatment of Germans in Danzig, Poland (Polish corridor).
-invades Poland Sept 1939 (had invaded Czech March, 1939).
= British pledge to defend Poland, France has an alliance w/ them (1921)
-offer German an ultimatum and on Sept. 3 1939 - French and GB declare war on germany - Blitzkreig
-
Hitler uses "lightning war" = tanks, planes, etc at a fast rate and then infantry
= effective
-Poles hold out for 2 weeks (1 million men = 1/2 mobilized) - Stuka Dive Bomber Planes
- lead attacks and then tanks then infantry
- Polish #s
-
1/2 million poles vs. 2 million german and italian
-Polish Cavalry 1939 = ineffective, horses vs. bombs
-british and french didnt come to help
-french are busy preparing for invasion at the maginot line. - Russians Join War
-
Russians join the war 2 weeks after invasion (800,000 men) -> Poland ceases to exist Sept 1939.
-The Balkans are annexed to SU - The Phony War
-
Nothing is happening, everyone is sitting around waiting
-Hitler wants to attack asap
-everyone is preparing for war bc hitler will attack spring 1940. - French Maginot Line (Phony War)
-
-french think trenchwarfare will be in place agian
-Maginot line is too short, not enough money
-think the forest is impassible and no line at the franco-belgium frontier
-germany is preparing along border, french is in defensive position. - Scandinavian Interlude
-
-in the mean time the British decide they can stop Hitler before he starts
-Scandenavia + Norway = plan a naval plan in Norway bc Germany isnt self suffient and bring iron ore from neutral Sweden thru Baltic sea (freezes during winter) - Sweden, Norway...
-
Sweden transports the ore to the Norweigan Port of Navic (In Norway) for germany
-Germans go thru Norweigan waters to get it, british want to end this. - Occupy Navic
-
GB occupies Navic and employs troops in Norway
= disaster, not secretive Hitler knows. - Hitler declares war on Norway and Denmark
-
-invades both on the same day
= pushes GB out and gets access to all needed raw materials and establish bases/ports along coast -> Threat to N. Britain and Scotland. - Chamberlain is booted
- Chamberlain is booted by the Conservative party and is replaced by Wintston Churchill.
- Churchill
- -very aggressive, becomes prime minister may 10 1940
- May 10, 1940
-
Hitler invades France = assumed he'd repeat the Schlieffen plan
-Germany's plan =
-forces sent thru ardennes forest
-troops sent up to the Netherlands/and south
-> traps GB and French in N.France (end up in Port Dunkirk). - British Evacuation
-
-British begin operation to get all forces out - ferry off.
-all ships used to get them back to england.
-Hitler is assaulting them but doesnt make a great scale attack.
-Hitler doesnt want to go to war w/ GB, hes going to try to make a deal w/ them. - France: to fight or not to fight?
- -France needs to decide whether to fight or make a deal.
- Conflicting views (2)
-
1) Prime minister Paul Reynaud = wants to fight
2) Marshall Henri-Philippe Petain = wants to make a deal
-June 25, 1940= French sign an armistice w/ Germany (6 week war) - Result of Armistice
-
-French disarmed
-french fleet sent away
-pay in raw materials
-divide france into 2 parts
1) North = german occupation and control
2) south = france, govt based in Vichy - so france can cnot to control foreign position/possessions. - Vichy Government
- Vichy government is the recognized govt in france = hitler can keep some diplomatic relations instead of completely taking over.
- Vichy France Vs Free France
-
De Gaulle is in london and sets up a french government in exile = declares a free french govt.
-Vichy govt is recognized so hes up against this
-British arent fond of Vichy Govt -> attack and destroy french fleet bc they dont want hitler to take it over.
-vichy government is forced to pay germnay in raw materials and deport jews -> pain in ass, de gaulle gains popularity. - Hitler approaches GB w/ a deal
-
Hitler approaches GB w/ a deal -> not concered w/ GB's empire.
-Churchill rejects this and continues fighting
-1940 - Hitler plans an invasion of Britain - The Plan: The Battle of Britain, 1940
-
-Herman Goring in charge of German air force = needs superiority over GB -> bomb british air fields and aircraft construction centers
-Hitler accepts plan and waves of german air attacks - July to Sept 1940 -> pretty successful. - Change in plan
-
Sept to Dec tactics change = bomb british cities -> reprisal bc British attack on Berlin, Aug 1940 (which was a reprisal for attacking London)
-Germans terrorize civilian populations to put pressure on govt.
-doesnt work - churchill is able to galvanize british public. - British Radar screen
-
The British have a radar screen around britain (huge advtg).
-know when they're being attacked so they can save fuel/planes by only attacking when german planes are close
-> britain has better quality planes = huge advtg.
=> 1st defeat for Nazi's bc Hitler cant invade GB(stalemate) - America: Front Isolation to Intervention
-
-US is neutral
-neutrality acts = were made after spanish civil war + bc of wwi (congress doesnt want us in war). - Edward R Murrow
-
broadcasts from GB to the US
-roosevelt is sentimental
-GB sways public opinion - Loop hole in neutrality acts
-
= up to president to decide
-> Battle of Britain, 1940 US gives GB 50 bombers (got 10 bases in Western Hemisphere for 99 years for this trade). - March 1941 Lend Lease Act
-
repeals Neutrality acts and gives us the right to help beligerant countries (esp. SU and GB)
-> enormous aid to GB and SU (most isnt repaid) - Operation Barbarossa
-
Spring 1941 = Hitler invades SU (where real intentions are)
= 3 prong attack on SU
-3 million soldiers are attacking
-German forces dont meet that much resistance - Stalin Retreats = Dec 1941 terrible winter sets in and conditions are really bad. - The Pacific Region in the 30's
- Japan is emerging as a strong power in the East.
- A "Monroe Doctrine" for the Far East
-
-China is a threat and opportunity for Japan
-nationalist party led by Shek = threat
-Japan needs to attack before China gets too strong
-Mow Doctrine = Japanese Monroe Doctrine - Japan invades Manchuria
-
-they already control S. Manchuria railraod, finances, etc.
-Kwantung army = japanese army in manchuria have conflict w/ Shek army. - New Country created..
-
= Manchukuo
-Emporer Puyi is put on throne (last emporer)
-Japanese puppet state
- by 1930 democratic push is over and military is in power - League of Nations
-
- Indication of aggression according to the League
-the League investigates and sends the Lytton Commission = file report about situation = Japanese are aggressors/violaters but Chinese govt is at fault.
-Japan gives 2 year notice about leaving the league (out in 1934).
=> League wont allow mail from manchukuo = totally useless. - U.S. response
-
-US isnt a member of leauge
-Hoover is furious and comdemn the Japanese.
-> Respond diplomatically w/ Henry Stimpton - Stimpton Doctrine
- US will not recognize manchukuo and they wont recognize any state established by force.
- The Sino-Japanese War 1937-1941
-
-consolidating power
-tension for shek
-undeclared war = pushes for power - nationalists vs. japanese during war
-
1932 - Shangahi - nationalists vs. Japanese -> testing europeans bc Shanghai was an international city.
-probing chinese until 1937 to see how europe will react
-1937 Incidient at the Marco Polo Bridge (China Proper) Japan soldiers vs nationalists => becomes a full scale war in sept 1937.
-war 1937-1945
-japanese forces push further and further down coast = gruesome and massacre upon chinese - The Two Chinas
-
1) Nationalist Government in Chunking in South (Shek/nationalists)
-Chinese communist party spread randomly thru china (1934 shek turns against them)
2) Chiang at Manchukuo - Mao and Communists
-
begin the long march to gather forces and make way to Yeanen = takes months to do this, hero among communists.
-once in Yeanen he changes tactics -> appeal to peasantry/poor (not working class) = effective.
-nationalists apeal to Americans (Shek uses wife Madam Shek to get US help, spoke english, college in us, christian) = face of china. - Roosevelt
- cant intervene because of neutrality acts but sends aid and money.
- Retired Maj General Calire Lee Chenault
-
sent over to fight for china (fighter planes)
-volunteer help
-japanese get frustrated. - Indochina
-
when france is occupied japan occupies north indochina
-> the US impose embargos on Japanese - scrap metal (1940).
-Japan not sure what to do next - running out of oil - Japanese are convinced they need self sufficiency: 1) Siberia
- Invade siberia (attack SU) after Hitler had - advocated by army
- Japanese are convinced they need self sufficiency: 2) Navy led
-
led by navy, want to go south, conquer all european colonies to get what they need = asian co-prosperity sphere -> free trade, Japan has access to all resources.
- this option wins out. - Non Agression pact w/ SU
- April 1941, Sign a non aggression pact w/ SU -> no northern threat, head south.
- take the rest of indochina
-
-July 1941 they take the rest of Indochina - US respond by oil embargo.
-discussion until winter 1941 - Pearl Harbor
-
-go south = navy plays a huge role -> in order ot not expose navy from potential threat they attack pearl harbor.
- Dec. 7, 1941 = Attack on pearl harbor => prompts Roosevelt for a declaration of war.
-US has entered war so Germany declares war on US (no reason to do this)
-Japan starts their invasions (esp. GB colonies) and War begins w/ GB and the US. - The Failure of Operation Barbarossa
-
German invasion of Soviet Russia
-war expands considerably
-the soviet is crucial to Hitlers plan for living space in the east (Russia, Poland, Ukraine)
=largest military expedition in history (3,300 tanks, 2,000 bombers) - 3 prong attack on:
-
North - leningrad
Middle - Moscow
South - Ukraine, Georgia (oil), Stalingrad (symbolic) - Soviets are surprised by the attack
- Stalin had ignored warnings because 1) he didnt think hed break the pact after only 2 years 2) felt that the british were trying to trick him (germans tellt he Russians this is whats going on).
- Hitlers claims for mobilizing
- When hitler is mobilizing he claims hes moving to protect against British bombers and to trick the British into thinking they're attacking the Soviet.
- Battle breaks out
-
Red army is a mess following the purges of teh 1930's (officer core is purged on massive scale).
-when battle breaks out Hitler makes enormous progress (Blitzkreig) = takes prisoners, gets 50% of SU industrial and agricultural land. - Germans haulted by winter.
-
-Stalin - Many on E. Frotier welcome Hitler because they dont like the Russians either.
-By Dec. 1941 - weather is so bad that the German army is haulted (dont take Moscow, Leningrad is under seige from 41-44).
-reason for hault: thought the campaign wouldnt last as long, german military doesnt have enough winter supplies.
-russians mobilized quicker than expected.
-blitzkrieg cant work in winter
-this campaign coincides w/ the Holocaust. - 3 Phases against the racially inferior: 1) Deporting
-
1933-Winter 1941: Campaign of deporting as many as possible
-concentration camps = trans-shipment camps.
-SS used for communist threat - 3 Phases against the racially inferior: 2) Extermination
-
After failure of Barbarossa = campaign to exterminate mass populations.
-Einsatzgrupper = elite German guards (SS) = responsible for going into new territories after troops move out and exterminating natives.
-individual execution = demoralizing for troops so they begin using a new method of mass killing (carbon monozide - then gas)
-by winter 1941 no jews allowed to leave. - 3 Phases against the racially inferior: 3) Final Solution
-
Final solution to the jewish question
-holocaust and wholescale extermination
-death camps. - Reinhard Heydrich
- SS officer put in charge
- Wansee Conference
-
January 1942
-organize a large scale jewish extermination (many people-anyone who could help in effort)
-plan= deportation to concentration camp -> 1) forced labor/starvation, 2) killed at death camps outright (esp for Jews).
-death camps are in poland
-industrial method used. - Germany declares war on the US
-
Dec. 11, 1941 Hitler declares war on the US
-Hitler blames the US for leaning to far in favor of GB
-Hitler is not obliged to declare war because of Japan (3 power pact of axis = only if attacked)
-> wanted japan to decalre war on the soviet, doesnt happen. - The US economy on a wartime footing
-
U.S economy switches over to a war time economy-> huge effect on depressed economy
-12 million men drafted - open up jobs to minorities, women and unemployed.
-supplying Lend-Lease aid to GB and Soviet ($15-20 billion, $10 billion) - Problem with supplying aid to SU
-
supplying aid is thru Iran -> problem = the Sha of Iran is friendly w/ Germans
-US action against him and overthrow Reza Pahlevi
-Son, Mohammed Reza Pahlevi put in charge -> Sept 1943 declare war on Germany
= new promise: iran will get its independence after war. - The Grand Alliance: Military and Political Tension
-
-always tension within grand alliance: churchill, stalin and fdr.
-Churchill calls this alliance an alliance of english speaking peoples (alienates the SU) - Goal tension
-
August 1941, Churchill and FDR meet in complete secrecy and produce the Atlantic Charter = outlined war goals.
-doesnt include su - The Atlantic Charter
-
-no territorial gains
-self determination
-trade barriers lowered
-global economic cooperation and adv. of social welfare
-freedom of seas
-freedom from want and fear
-disarmament of aggressor nations, postwar common disarmament
-wilson 14 pts rhetoric
=not compliant w/ SU goals -> this is democratic.
-signed by SU sept 1941 - Stalin wants a 2nd front
-
-Stalin wants a 2nd front
-by the end of 1941 the SU is engaged w/ 90% of German force. - U.S. joining war conditions
-
-U.S. joins war and they will pursue a europe 1st policy (Hitler then japan)
-US fights a holding game on japan = have to wait until Germany is defeated.
-US doesnt get into fight fast.