Modern Civ Ch 9
Terms
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- Adenauer
- The founding father of West Germany; leader of the Christian Democratic Union;
- Beria
- Stalin’s fellow Georgian who led the NKVD; arrested in 1953, he was shot; NKVD was reorganized
- Eden
- served as British Prime Minister after Churchill until Suez Canal debacle forced him to resign
- Erhard
- Adenauer’s lieutenant who emphasized economic recovery and expansion in West Germany and who left much up to the private sector
- Gagarin
- Russian; the first man in space (1961)
- Gasperi
- the most influential politician in Italy coalition government; helped restore Italy to economic and social stability; participated in 1948 Congress of Europe
- Honecker
- Construction of the Berlin began in August 1961 under this successor of Ulbricht
- John F. Kennedy
- Needed a diplomatic success after the Bay of Pigs and the construction of the Berlin Wall; helped diffuse Cuban Missile Crisis
- Khrushchev
- began de-Stalinization in 1956; almost ousted in 1957 by Soviets; failed a summit meeting with Kennedy; in 1962, installed missiles in Cuba and launched missile crisis
- Macmillan
- follwed Eden as prime minister in Britain; most able one of three
- Malenkov
- premier who filled Stalin’s role; fell from power in 1955 and his protégé was ousted from premiership
- Mendes-France
- Premier who was successful in 1954 in ending French involvement in Indochina
- Monnet
- The architect of French economic recovery and of European economic integration; put together a four-year plan that went into effect in 1948; Commissioner of Planning under the European Recovery Program/ the Marshal Plan who proposed a pooling of coal and steel resources in Europe (the Schumann Plan)
- Nagy
- appointed premier four months after Stalin’s death in Hungary; mirrored Malenkov’s New Course; included diversion of resources to light industry and an end to forced collectivization; established a new government in October 1956; declared Hungary’s neutrality and was crushed
- Joseph Stalin
- died in March 1953
- Ulbricht
- influential figure in the Socialist Unity Party agreed to follow a Soviet line emphasizing social and economic concessions in Berlin in 1953
- Zhukov
- the great Soviet military leader of World War Ii who backed Khrushchev in his politics and de-Stalinization;
- Berlin Crisis
- a series of crises which culminated in the construction of th Berlin Wall in August 1961; included the U-2 spy plan incident, the fialed summit meeting between Khrushchev and Kennedy and the construction of the Wall;
- Berlin Wall
- divided East from west Germany in 1961; Khrushchev decided to build it under supervision fo Honecker to seal off the border
- “chancellor democracyâ€
- Adenauer’s style of government which featured a strong executive and restricted democracy; acceptable because of Germany’s economic success and the delicate international situation;
- Christian Democratic Union (CDU)
- Konrad Adenauer was the leader; attracted members with widely differing interests and replaced the old conservative parties;
- Cuban Missile Crisis–
- Khrushchev installed missles in Cuba; (see 189)
- detente
- caused by Berlin Crisis and Buan Missile Crisis; continued even after America played role in Vietnam
- De-Stalinization
- Khruschev’ political poicy; blamed Stalin for past wrongs to deflect criticism of existing situation; tried to create more productive, efficient, and technologicallysophisticated economy;
- “Doctor’s Plotâ€
- evidence that Stalin intended to reinstitute the Purges of the 30's; a plot by several prominent physicians to murder important party and government officials
- European Community (EC)
- The Merger Treaty of 1967 combined the Eec, the ECSC and the Euratom into this; made up of France, West Germany, Itay and the Benelux
- European Economic Community (EEC)
- in 1957, the Treaty of Rome established this to eliminate customs barriers among its member states and to create a common tariff structure for the rest of the world;
- European Free Trade Association(EFTA)
- the British sponsored this much looser arrangement than the EEC;
- guestworkers
- the arrival of foreigners in large numbers added to the capacikty to produce goods relatively cheaply in Europe;
- Marshall Plan
- based on national plans which OEEC helped to coordinate; the U.S. provided much of the capital needed for recovery through it; its main contribution was psychological
- National health Service Act
- The expansion of the welfare state formed the second development in Britain after the war; this was the beginning of the Labour Party’s comprehensive social security system and socialized medical care program;
- National Insurance Act–
- see National Health Service Act (1946)
- NKVD, KGB
- led by Lavrenti Beria; after his death in 1953, it was reorganized as the KGB to curtail its independence;
- Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
- signed in 1963 by Russia and U.S.; part of detente
- People’s Repulic of China (PRC)
- U.S. pursued policies to keep it from taking more active role in the war as part of detente
- Schumann Plan
- Proposed by Jean Monnet and Fforeign Minister Robert Schumann; a pooling of coal and steel resources in Europe
- “socialmarketâ€
- left much up to the private sector; combined good business management, efforts by industry to channel investments and to control prices, government intervention, and a long period of labor peace; enabled German economic recovery;
- Sputnik I
- the first satellite in 1957 with which S.U. took lead in space exploration
- Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT)
- most promised development of detente; successfully banned defensive missile systems
- Suez Canal Crisis
- British and French failed to regain control of Suez Canal in 1956; served to underline the ECSC’s states’ individual weaknesses
- Treaty of Rome
- 184the Treaty which established the European Economic Community or Common Market in 1957