Civ 102 test 1
Terms
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- France
- most powerful in Europe
- Britain
- Most powerful in world
- Capitalism
- individuals raise money and invest in order to make money
- London Stock Exchange
- first stock market
- Lloyd's of London
- first insurance company
- East India Company
- joint stock company, opened trades
- Louis XIV
- "Sun King", King of France, began absolutism, started many battles for territory
- Jacques Bossuet
- supported the king rules by divine right, ruled in Louis's court
- Thomas Hobbes
- wrote "Leviathan", human beings created govt. for security but give up freedom as well
- Cardinal Richilieu
- believed in absolutism, looked for France's best interest
- Cardinal Mazarin
- shared Richilieu's beliefs, Richilieu's successor
- Versailles
- site of Louis's palace
- Jean-Baptiste Colbert
- controlled Louis's finances, creates mercantalism
- mercantalism
- a country should be run as a business, export more than import
- Louvois
- Louis's military commander
- Brandenburg
- (Germany) protestant country, Berlin was the capitol
- Prussia
- country that included Brandenburg
- Hohenzollern
- family that ruled Prussia
- Fredrick William
- "Great Elector", creates Prussian army
- tsar
- Russian rulers, decendants of emporers
- Ivan III
- establishes Russia as largest country in the world
- Ivan IV (the terrible)
- slaughtered many, Russia's greatest church builder, establishes a reign of terror
- boyars
- Russian nobility
- Romanovs
- ruling family of Russia
- Peter the Great
- brings Russia into the western world, creates ports for trade "open windows", makes Russia European, left to tour the workings of other countries, executed all body guards, brings ideas from other cultures
- Elizabeth
- succeeds Peter as ruler of Russia
- Dutch Republic
- Netherlands, have no king
- stadtholder
- ruler of Dutch but not absolute
- Stuarts
- ruling family of England, Scottish
- James I
- king of Scotland and England, translates Bible
- Parliament
- representatives of House of Commons and Lords
- Puritans
- radical protestants, conflict with Stuarts
- Charles I
- causes English Civil War, executed for treason
- Cavaliers
- supporters of the king
- Roundheads
- puritans
- Oliver Cromwell
- Roundhead leader
- New Model Army
- created by Cromwell, wins English Civil War, creates basic training
- Levellers
- supported democracy
- Rump Parliament
- parliament left after puritans
- Lord Protector
- leader of england, unofficial king
- Restoration
- england decides to restore monarchy
- Charles II
- next king in england but not absolute monarch
- James II
- duke of York, Catholic, king after Charles
- Whigs
- political party
- Tories
- another political party
- William and Mary
- daughter of James, king/queen of england after revolution
- Anne
- daughter of James, queen of england after william and mary die
- Bloody Assizes
- series of trials for rebellion against James
- Judge Jeffreys
- judge over trials, convicted everyone
- Glorious Revolution
- "bloodless", overthrows James for William and Mary, ended absolute monarchy
- English Bill of Rights
- series of statements establishing citizens rights
- Act of Settlement
- creates monarchy lineage
- George I
- elector of Hanover, German, King of England after Anne
- Hanover
- Germanic state, home of George I
- cabinet system
- heads of the department
- Prime Minister
- head of the cabinet, elected by parliament
- Robert Walpole
- first prime minister
- Act of Union
- unites scotland and england
- Great Britain
- country of scotland and england combined
- George III
- king of england, did not want absolute monarchy, king during american revolution
- George Greenville
- prime minister under George III, puppet
- Great Northern War
- began by Peter the Great between Russia and Sweden
- Charles XII
- ruler of Sweden
- Poltava
- city where Sweden is defeated by Russia
- St. Petersburg
- built during the war, became capitol of russia
- William of Orange
- leader of the Netherlands, marries Mary (daughter of James)
- League of Augsburg
- league against Louis XIV not including england
- War of the League of Augsburg
- Louis XIV against most of western europe, ends in a draw
- Charles II (the Sufferer)
- Habsburg, sick with hemophilia, king of Spain
- (War of) Spanish Succession
- dispute over spanish ruling lineage (France vs. England and Spain)
- John Churchill
- "Duke of Marlborough", defeated French with english army
- Treaty of Ultrech
- ends war and France loses
- Acadia
- area in Canada taken from french by english after war, cajuns
- Frederick the Great
- establishes religious tolleration, uses power to improve govt and life in Prussia
- Maria Theresa
- Woman ruler of Austria
- Austrian Succession
- Frederick vs. Maria, ends in a draw, France helps Frederick
- Three Furies
- Theresa (Austria), Elizabeth (Russia), and Mme. Pompadour (mistress of French king)
- Seven Years War
- (French and Indian War), Frederick and England vs. the Furies
- Treaty of Paris
- English obtains canada from france
- Scientific Revolution
- scientific movement
- Nicolas Copernicus
- Polish astronomer, argued planets revolve around the sun
- Ptolmeic System
- earth was center of universe
- Concerning the Revolutions of Heavenly Bodies
- book written by Copernicus published after his death
- Tycho Brahe
- astronomer from Denmark
- Johannes Kepler
- Braches successor, astronomer, discovers oval orbit
- Galileo Galilei
- uses the telescope for discoveries, discovers jupiter's moons, convicted for heracy but arrested instead of burned
- Rene Descartes
- derives new ways of thinking/reasoning
- deductive
- comprise by Descartes, general to practical, discover the truth then discover other facts
- Francis Bacon
- follows Descarte's ideas
- inductive
- comprised by Bacon, practical to general, gather facts for a higher truth
- Isaac Newton
- wrote "Principia", discovers principles of gravity and laws of motion
- Discourse on Method
- book written by Descartes
- Novum Organum
- book written by Bacon
- Robert Boyle
- seperated elements from compounds
- Antoine Lavoisier
- concluded matter can never be created or destroyed
- A. Van Leuwenhock
- used microscope for discoveries
- William Harvey
- physician, discovered capillary system
- Enlightenment
- discoveries in era/philosophy
- John Locke
- philosopher, concludes people have certain rights and govt. should be used to protect these rights
- philisophes
- critique the world and created theories, in France
- Voltaire
- writer, satirist (points out the mistakes of govt.)
- Candide
- play written by Voltaire
- Montesquieu
- French noble, inspired by Voltaire
- Persian Letters
- written by Montesquieu, written as a foreigner to question the govt.
- Spirit of the Laws
- written by Montesqueiu, suggests monarchy should be divided, supported democracy
- Denis Diderot
- creates "encyclopedia" to introduce govt. ideas
- J.J. Rousseau
- argues strong govt. increases problems
- Social Contract
- book by Rousseau, suggests to give people the most freedom possible
- Deism
- believed in God as creator but that he doesn't intervine
- Pietism
- believed that religion had conformed, tried to reintroduce emotion in worship
- John Wesley
- created Methodism but remained anglocan (english church), preached in the open
- Methodism
- form of pietism
- Adam Smith
- published "Wealth of Nations", economy should be rated on goods rather than money
- laissez-faire
- govt. shouldn't regulate economy
- Immanuel Kant
- wrote "Critique of Pure Reason"
- Enlightened Despots
- absolute rulers use power to improve citizens lives
- Catherine the Great
- German ruler of Russia by marrying Peter III (son of Elizabeth), gives Russia a taste of freedom
- Baroque
- style of art created by Rubens (dark, busy, eventful), also shown by Rembrant
- Roccoco
- style of painting (bright, outdoors)
- J.S. Bach
- German music composer
- "Toccata and Figure in D Minor"
- Dracula song by Bach
- counterpoint
- created by Bach, two or three melodies weaved into one
- G. Handel
- music composer, created oratorio
- "Messiah"
- oratorio song by Handel
- oratorio
- dramatic choral form
- J. Hydn
- Austrian music composer
- symphony
- orchestra, started by Hyden
- W.A. Mozart
- music composer, pianist at age 5
- concerto
- one instrument accompanied by an orchestra
- J. Swift
- english writer, wrote "Gulliver's Travels"
- satire
- writing form criticizing something with humor
- D. Defoe
- writes novels (possibly first), wrote "Robinson Crusoe"
- Lexington
- first American Revolution battle
- Thomas Jefferson
- Third president, wrote Declaration of Independance
- James Madison
- fourth president, wrote the Constitution
- Louis XVI
- marries Marie Antoinetter (Austrian), King of France during french revolution
- bourgeoisie
- french middle class peasants, later purchased land from the church
- gabelle
- forced purchase of salt
- hunting privileges
- nobility could hunt wherever they wanted, destroyed many peasant fields
- Estates General
- met in May of 1789 to create new taxes due to the need of money
- cashier
- petitions of grievance, suggestions
- National Assembly
- party gathering to vote
- Tennis Court Oath
- oath people would not leave until France would have a Constitution or die trying
- Bastille
- July 14, 1789 National Bastille day, mob stromed Bastille and freed prisoners after executing guards
- Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
- France's declaration of independance
- Civil Constitution of the Clergy
- made church a govt. agency to gain land and sell it
- Constitution of 1791
- didn't abolish monarchy but limited it to where Limited Assembly had the final say
- Legislative Assembly
- final authority on laws
- Gerondists
- french revolutionist, wanted financial equality and abolishment of monarchy
- Jacobins
- french revolutionist, got name from monestary gathered at, radical group that had Louis XVI executed
- guillotine
- machine used to behead, symbol of french revolution
- Danton
- Jacobin spokesman/leader, beheaded by Robespierre
- Marat
- Jacobin leader/newspaper publisher, assassinated
- Robespierre
- Jacobin leader, "The Incorruptable", believed all opposition should die, attempted to abolish religion for the creation of a new one
- Republic of Virtue
- created by Robespierre, believed in virtue or death
- National Convention
- becomes French govt. after being called to create Constitution
- Reign of Terror
- guillotine becomes entertainment
- Thermodorian Reaction
- assembly that beheads Robespierre and stops the Reign of Terror
- Directory
- created by National Convention, "directors" control the govt.
- Napolean Bonaparte
- born in Corsica, French military leader, effectively uses army and artillery
- Horatio Nelson
- english naval genious, destroys french fleet, blind in one eye, Napolean's nemasis
- First Consul
- type of govt. after overthrow of Directory, Napolean became "First Consul"
- Concordat
- agreement with Pope, restores Catholic church and lets bourgeoisies keep land
- Code Napolean
- set of laws, louisiana immitates
- Trafalgar
- british naval victory, nelson is killed, monument is built
- Famous Four
- Ulm (Austria), Austerlitz (Russia, Austria), Jena (Prussia), Friedland (Russia... series of battles won by napolean to control europe
- Continental System
- direct/indirect control of europe
- Alexander I
- czar of russia, leads napolean deep into russia
- Duke of Wellington
- British commander sent to Spain, only person to win against napolean one on one
- Battle of the Nations
- Brittish, Prussia, Russia, and Austria fight off Napolean
- Elba
- island napolean is banished to
- Congress of Vienna
- restores french monarchy, conference to settle disputes after napoleans banishment
- Waterloo
- final battle of napolean won by brittain
- St. Helena
- island napolean was banished to and died