Colombian Encounter, Colonial Period
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- Talk about Encomiendas
- They were for life and transgenerational
- Guman Puma de Ayala
- Wrote letter to King telling him how his life used to be, and how it was now. 800 pictures. Injustice. "Oro comemos". Mestizo
- Shortly after conquest, how many tonnes of gold were sent to Europe?
- over 180 tonnes
- What is Mita?
- Labour system. Have to work 1 full year out of 7. Many never went home.
- Was mining secondary to agriculture?
- No, mining was more important.
- Who brought the first sugar cane plants to the new world and when?
- Colon brought them in 1493.
- For whom was the sugar grown in Brasil produced?
- European market
- What was most important export from New World for Spain? For Brasil?
- Silver; sugar
- Where is Pernambuco?
- NE Brasil - leading sugar producer.
- Did the Native people have forced labour tradition?
- No.
- When did the first African slaves arrive?
- 1574
- How many sugar mills were there by 1570?
- 60 mills
- How many slaves arrived each year between 1570 and 1630?
- 4,000
- Was the birth rate high for the African slaves?
- No - because of poor nutrition, few women, and high infant mortality
- What element of the African people's cultures survived?
- religion, dance, music, diet, medicine.
- What is "the cruelest commerce"?
- Haciendas
- What did Haciendas produce for the mining centres?
- Wheat
- Where is "La cuidad de los reyes"?
- Lima
- Why did Haciendas produce wine?
- for Iglesia
- Where were there ranches?
- North central Mexico, Venezuela, South Central Brasil, Argentina
- Are there many natives in Patagonia?
- No, it's hard to find them there.
- Where were the 2 main centres?
- Tenochitlan and Cuzco
- How did the native peoples in Cuzco and Tenochitlan survive?
- They adopted, adapted and transformed
- -How many females came from the old world between 1509-1519?
- 10 %
- Who was concerned with "racial purity"
- Church and State
- Who are Peninsulares?
- Pure Europeans
- Criollos?
- children born of European parents in new world.
- Mestizos?
- Indian and white
- Mulatos?
- Black and white
- When was the Treaty of Paris and what did it mean for their colonies in the New World?
- 1763 - France out
- When was the American Revolution?
- 1776-1783
- French Revolution dates?
- 1789-1793
- Haitian Revolution?
- 1791-1801
- What was the European attitude towards Natives?
- -lazy - stupid - ignorant
- When was the French occupation of Spain?
- 1808-1814
- What did the French occupation of Spain mean for the French?
- It meant that colonies were in self-rule
- What were the three choices the colonies had?
-
remain as colonies
have autonomy w.o indep
become indep - Padre Miguel Hidalgo
- Guanajuato - 600,000 ppl (natives and mestizos) in 1810 protested against unjust system
- When was Miguel Hidalgo captured and killed??
- 1821
- Why should I never EVER forget Miguel Hidalgo's name?
- Because that's the community I lived in in DF...!!
- Mexico independence?
- 1821
- Central America
- 1823
- Gran Columbia indep?
- 1822
- Who was San Martin?
- Argentinian soldier who decided to fight against Spaniards
- Who was Simon Bolivar?
- Had grand dream of uniting Gran Colombia - Ecuador, Venezuela, Colombia
- Chile indep date
- 1818
- Peru indep
- 1879
- What else did San Martin do?
- Liberated Chile and declared indep of Peru
- What did San Martin want for all of Latin America
- Monarchy
- When did Brasil declare independence from Portugal and was it as bloody?
- 1821 - no, not as bloody
- Talk about Mexico's current economy
- Heavily oriented towards EEUU (70%), imports 73%
- How much of Mexico's exports go to Central America?
- 1%
- Was Central America home to an early civilization?
- Nope - buffer zone
- How do native ppl today continue to connect with the prehispanic past?
- dress, diet
- Is Mexico a homogeneous group of ppl?
- No, it's a collage of ppls w/ diff ethnic ids
- How do we see evidence of the colonial legacy?
-
the way cities are planned-
road systems - location of cities related to mining centres - What area in Mexico is still resisting today?
- Chiapas
- What side did the colonizers stick to in Central America: east or west?
- The pacific side (west)
- Who are the Miskitos?
- ppl from eastern central america
- How much of Mexico's pop collapsed after arrival of spanish?
- 90%
- Talk about Catholicism in Latin America
- Native ppl forced to become catholics - still prayed to their gods- incorporated elements of their religion into it
- Talk about Shamans in Latin America
- Intermediary - respect him and his power - evidence that native ppls resisted and kept their own beliefs
- Talk about the 2nd conquest
- control of Latin American's economy - resistance leads to sanctions
- What modified the face of Latin America?
- Agriculture
- In the 1900's - only 2 companies (both American) for bananas..
- United Fruit and Standard Fruit
- What happened to Standard Fruit?
- taken over by United Fruit
- What did United Fruit change its name to?
- United Brands
- What happened to prez in Honduras who spoke out against Banana plantations?
- he was killed and new prez put in
- On what side of central america are there coffee plantations?
- Western, lowland side
- Where and when was coffee first introduced in Latin America
- Costa Rica in the 1840's
- How much of El Salvador's export earnings are from coffee?
- 73%
- How much of Guatemala's export earnings are from coffee?
- 49%
- How much of Nicaragua's export earnings are from coffee?
- 47%
- How much of Honduras' export earnings are from coffee?
- 39%
- Does costa rica rely solely on coffee?
- no, also has banana plantations
- How do native ppl, *esp in mex * resist?
-
-clothing - diet
-religion -language - Why can't the native ppl accept the sale of land?
- because "la tierra es toda" it is like your mother, and you can't sell your mother!
- What agri. products grown in Mexico?
- Beans, chiles, corn
- What is Millpa?
- Garden where you cultivate crops taken care of by women
- Where are a lot of indig ppl in Mexico?
- Oaxaca because very dry lands