M. 'Alis Rise to power/Reforms
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- Power Vacuum leading up to M. 'Ali's rise to power
- Mamluks (defacto rulers) were weakened by Napoleon, who defeated them in 1798. French and British withdraw in 1801-1803. Political Anarchy Takes hold.
- M. 'Ali's consolidation of power (1805ish)
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-Nominated governor in 1805.
-Mamluks (tax farmers) were removed, state officials.
-Controlled 'ulama by establishing directory of Waqf - M. Ali created a new clan of landowners....
- Offered them a track of state land 1st in usufruct then in perpetuity then as freehold. Loyal land owners who had state land given to them.
- M. 'Ali's agricultural reforms
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Developed irrigation projects.
-Damn and canals
-INK SOLUTION--new Euro style Cotton - Why did Industrialization fail (Euro style)
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-Lack of local skills/industrial culture
-Shortage of int/ext societies
-Euro competition in ME (Brit-Ottoman Commercial treaty) - British Ottoman Commercial Treaty
- Led to M. Ali's demise. Free trade/less monopolies. Muhammad 'Ali couldn't industrialize. External customs very high 12%, compared to internal. With Ottomans---they had control of Egypt?
- Saint Simon's influence on M. Ali
- Claude de Saint Simon was founder of French Socialism. Utopian Socialism and technological adventure. M. 'Ali was an enlightened despot who wanted to to experiment w/ideal society in Egypt.
- Ferdinand de Lesseps
- Constructed Suez Canal in 1869, was a St. Simonian.
- Egyptian dependence on foreign loans...
- St. Simonians laid the foundation, foreign debts. Resulted in foreign occupation of Egypt - 1882.
- M. Ali's Substantive economy
- Wanted an unlimited economy, cotton and faciliting world economy through the Suez Canal.
- M. 'Ali's vision w/economic reform
- Wanted to create a modern army, consolidate dynasty. Whole economic reform was not for betterment fof people. Wanted to establish creation of an empire in the dynasty.
- M. 'Ali's Army modernization
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-got rid of old/factional troops in Arabia and Sudan
-Recruited for new European stule army (1st from Sudan) Nizami Jedid (New order--mil groups).
-Estab. technical schools and hospitals/student missions to Europe