Bio 102 exam 2 study guide
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- The distribution of the human population in the United States is a. clumped. b. random. c. uniform. d. constant. e. decreased.
- a. clumped.
- Capture–recapture is a good way to estimate the population size of a. butterflies. b. cardinals. c. field mice. d. butterflies and cardinals. e. butterflies, cardinals, and field mice.
- e. butterflies, cardinals, and field mice.
- When a population is growing at its’ ___________ it is showing a maximum rate growth due to the lack of limiting resources. a. biotic potential. b. carrying capacity. c. exponential growth. d. distribution. e. reproductive base.
- a. biotic potential.
- Population size depends upon a. deaths. b. births. c. emigration. d. immigration. e. all of these
- e. all of these
- A population is defined as: a. all organisms in a given geographic region. b. all biotic components of a given geographic region. c. all abiotic components of a given geographic region. d. all organisms of one species in a given geographic region. e.
- d. all organisms of one species in a given geographic region.
- A population that is growing exponentially in the absence of limiting factors can be illustrated by which curve? a. S-shaped b. J-shaped c. one that terminates in a plateau phase d. carrying capacity e. U-shaped
- b. J-shaped
- Healthy natural populations will a. be limited by only one factor at a time. b. increase exponentially indefinitely. c. show a gradual increase indefinitely. d. ultimately be limited by the carrying capacity. e. fluctuate in size from one moment to t
- d. ultimately be limited by the carrying capacity.
- Density-independent controls over population growth include a. parasites. b. floods. c. disease. d. competition. e. all of these
- b. floods.
- Life tables provide data concerning a. expected life span. b. reproductive age. c. death rate. d. birth rate. e. all of these
- e. all of these
- 10. A type III survivorship curve (mortality high at birth and decreasing with age) is characteristic of all but which species? a. flies b. humans c. frogs d. reptiles e. fish
- b. humans
- 11. The greatest reduction of human population in recorded history was the result of a. a global ice age. b. global warming. c. bubonic plague. d. family planning. e. ozone depletion.
- c. bubonic plague.
- The age structure diagram for rapidly growing populations a. is in the form of a pyramid. b. is characterized by a large percentage of the population in the postreproductive years. c. has a very broad base showing a large number of young. d. has about
- e. is in the form of a pyramid and has a very broad base showing a large number of young.
- All of the populations of organisms that occupy and are adapted to a given area are referred to as a(n): a. biosphere b. community c. ecosystem d. niche e. habitat
- b. community
- A one-way relationship in which one species benefits at the expense of another is called a. commensalism. b. symbiosis. c. parasitism. d. mutualism. e. all of these
- c. parasitism.
- The interaction in which one species benefits and the second species is neither harmed nor benefited is a. mutualism. b. parasitism. c. commensalism. d. competition. e. predation.
- c. commensalism.
- An interaction between two species in which both species benefit is known as a. mutualism. b. parasitism. c. commensalism. d. competition. e. predation.
- a. mutualism.
- A greater amount of niche overlap leads to a greater amount of a. mutualism. b. commensalism. c. competition. d. predation. e. parasitism.
- c. competition.
- Which is(are) an adaptation against predation? a. thorns b. camouflage c. mimicry d. thorns and camouflage e. thorns, camouflage, and mimicry
- e. thorns, camouflage, and mimicry
- Which is an example of warning coloration? a. the dark brown mane of a lion b. the bright green and blue feathers of a peacock c. the black and yellow bands of a wasp d. the black and white stripes of a zebra e. the bright red color of roses
- c. the black and yellow bands of a wasp
- Populations are held in check by a. resource partitioning. b. predation. c. interference competition. d. exploitive competition. e. all of these
- e. all of these
- Which of the following represent invasion of pioneer species in primary succession? a. pine trees b. moss and lichens on bare rock c. field of wild flowers d. small shrubby trees e. small mammals and birds
- b. moss and lichens on bare rock
- If a volcano explodes spreading ash over an entire island, it may take 50 years or more for communities to reestablish themselves. Of all of the following organisms listed below, which population was likely to become established after all the others? a
- d. rodents
- Kudzu did well in the southeastern United States because a. there were few predators to eat it. b. there were few diseases to infect it. c. there was little competition from native plants. d. the climate was favorable. e. all of these
- e. all of these
- Which of the following introduced animal population has Australia struggled to reduce? a. mice b. cats c. kangaroos d. rabbits e. bats
- d. rabbits
- A community differs from an ecosystem in that communities do NOT include a. unicellular organisms. b. decomposers. c. abiotic (nonliving) factors. d. unicellular organisms and decomposers. e. unicelluar organisms and abiotic (nonliving) factors.
- c. abiotic (nonliving) factors.
- Which is a primary consumer? a. cow b. dog c. hawk d. fox e. snake
- a. cow
- The release of DDT into the environment to control mosquitoes will result in the highest concentrations a. at the bottom of the food chain. b. in the targeted mosquito populations. c. in the middle of the food chain. d. at the top of the food chain.
- d. at the top of the food chain.
- At the bottom or base of the food chain are the a. primary producers. b. secondary producers. c. primary consumers. d. secondary consumers. e. tertiary consumers.
- a. primary producers.
- Which of the following does NOT cycle through an ecosystem? a. water b. carbon c. energy d. phosphorus e. nitrogen
- c. energy
- Most of the water vapor in the Earth’s atmosphere comes from evaporation from a. lakes. b. rivers. c. land. d. oceans. e. plants.
- d. oceans.
- What is the main source of increasing greenhouse gases? a. increased cell respiration b. increased use of fossil fuels c. increased diffusion from the oceans d. increased volcanic activity e. none of these
- b. increased use of fossil fuels
- Which is NOT part of the nitrogen cycle? a. denitrification b. deammonification c. nitrogen fixation d. ammonification e. all of the above
- b. deammonification
- Which is the primary gas that is increasing in the atmosphere and threatening the world with the greenhouse effect? a. carbon dioxide b. carbon monoxide c. ozone d. fluorocarbons e. oxygen
- a. carbon dioxide
- The greatest concentration of nitrogen on the planet Earth is found in a. living organisms, including bacteria. b. the atmosphere. c. soil minerals. d. fossil fuels. e. oceans.
- b. the atmosphere.
- Nitrogen is released into the atmosphere by a. nitrogen fixation. b. denitrification. c. nitrification. d. ammonification. e. decomposition.
- b. denitrification.
- Nitrifying bacteria convert a. ammonia ——> nitrite ——> nitrate. b. nitrate ——> nitrite ——> nitrogen gas. c. nitrate ——> ammonia. d. urea ——> ammonia. e. nitrogen gas ——> ammonia.
- a. ammonia ——> nitrite ——> nitrate.
- The amount of ultraviolet radiation hitting the Earth\'s surface is greatly reduced by which gas in the atmosphere? a. ozone b. oxygen c. CFCs d. carbon dioxide e. nitrogen
- a. ozone
- A biome is characterized by a. climate. b. vegetation. c. animals. d. vegetation and animals only. e. climate, vegetation, and animals.
- e. climate, vegetation, and animals.
- The biome with the greatest diversity of organisms is a. tundra. b. taiga. c. tropical rain forest. d. desert. e. grassland.
- c. tropical rain forest.
- Which biome is characterized by plants whose leaves drop off in the wintertime? a. coniferous forest b. tundra c. temperate deciduous forest d. tropical rain forest e. all of these
- c. temperate deciduous forest
- Permafrost is associated with which biome? a. arctic tundra b. alpine tundra c. temperate deciduous forest d. grassland e. tropical rain forest
- a. arctic tundra
- Freshwater lakes will turn over in the a. fall. b. winter. c. spring. d. summer. e. both fall and spring.
- e. both fall and spring.
- In summer, the upper and lower levels of a lake are separated by the a. limnetic zone. b. thermocline. c. littoral zone. d. lentic zone. e. eutrophic zone.
- b. thermocline.
- Eutrophication is the aging process of lakes characterized by a. decrease in depth. b. increase in nutrients. c. increase in species diversity. d. all of the above. e. a and b only.
- e. a and b only.
- Riffles, pools, and runs are words used to describe a. estuaries. b. sandy shores. c. coral reefs. d. streams. e. lakes.
- d. streams.
- Estuaries often exhibit a great degree of species diversity because a. saltwater and freshwater species are present. b. many species of the open ocean migrate in for breeding and raising young. c. there is a continued input of nutrients. d. saltwater
- d. saltwater and freshwater species are present plus many species of the open ocean migrate in for breeding and raising young.
- Which zone of the ocean is found above the continental shelf? a. littoric b. benthic c. pelagic d. neritic e. oceanic
- d. neritic
- How many ozone molecules can be destroyed by the chlorine released by one CFC? a. 0 b. 1 c. 2 d. 4 e. over 10,000
- e. over 10,000
- Fossils found in the lowest layers of rock are generally the most a. advanced. b. complex. c. primitive. d. recently formed. e. specialized.
- c. primitive.
- The place Darwin visited on his trip around the world that had the greatest impact on his thinking was a. the Canary Islands. b. Africa. c. the Hawaiian Islands. d. the Galápagos Islands. e. Brazil.
- d. the Galápagos Islands.
- Georges Cuvier was a strong proponent of the theory of a. uniformity. b. relativity. c. catastrophism. d. natural selection. e. acquired characteristics.
- c. catastrophism.
- One of the principle requirements of natural selection is the _____ found in populations. a. predators b. variations c. weakest members d. noncompetitors e. similarities
- b. variations
- Which of the following evolve? a. populations b. families c. kingdoms d. phyla e. individuals
- a. populations
- What initially created all alleles (variation of traits) within a population? a. genetic recombination b. meiosis c. mutation d. genetic drift e. mitosis
- c. mutation
- The Hardy–Weinberg theory a. is useful in determining the extent to which a population is evolving. b. is used to predict when genetic drift will occur in a population. c. is useful in determining the extent to which polyploidy is occurring in plant
- a. is useful in determining the extent to which a population is evolving.
- Stabilizing selection is a form of natural selection that means a. the environment controls which organisms will survive. b. humans determine which organisms will survive. c. the extremes of the population have a lesser chance to survive. d. the extre
- c. the extremes of the population have a lesser chance to survive.
- 57. The introduction of a few individuals of a population onto an island that results in a limited gene pool for the population is best described as a. the Hardy–Weinberg theory. b. genetic drift. c. the bottleneck effect. d. the founder effect. e
- d. the founder effect.
- Genetic drift has a greater impact on the gene pool of a population as the a. gene flow increases. b. population size decreases. c. mutation rate decreases. d. population size increases. e. all of these.
- b. population size decreases.
- When a population goes through a bottleneck, a. genetic drift has likely occurred. b. mutation rates increase. c. extinction rates decrease. d. natural selection decreases. e. mutation rates decrease.
- a. genetic drift has likely occurred.
- Four of the five answers listed below are types of selection exhibited by nature. Select the exception. a. artificial b. disruptive c. stabilizing d. directional e. sexual
- a. artificial