bio 201b exam 2

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Technical definition of an animal: multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryote that digest food items
How are animals different than plants and fungi?: We ingest food items internally
Characterize choanoflagellates: 10 um, aquatic, single flagellm, live as free-living or attatched to substrate
Why are they considered closely related to animals?: Cell is strikingly similar to collar cells of sponges, they often live in colonies with some cellular specialization and division of labor, and DNA evidence
What are 4 primary synapomorphies for Metazoa (animals)?: 1. specialized extracellular matrix
2.Unique cell juntions
3.DNA evidence
4.Posession of Hox genes
What are the functions of extracellular matrix?: hold cells together in tissue, add structural support, act as a filter, cell communication
Tight junction?: imprmeable seal
desmosome?: maintain cell separation and cohesiveness.
Gap junctions?: Allows passage of ions
Phylum?: Taxonomic grouping of body plan
How many metazoan body plans exists?: 35
What is a body plan?: Description of the entire body organization system (symmetry, tissue complexity, segmentation, appendages etc
Exceptions to the normally marine metozoan habitat?: Vertebrates and arthropods
How many vertebrates vs. invertebrates has been described?: 50 000 vs. 1.3 million
Age of earth?: 4.6 billion yo
First fossil record?: 3.5 billion yo
first metozoan fossil record?: 575 million ya
Cambrian Explosion?: Great diversity in the fossil record 525 mya, half of all metozoan phyla fossils showed up.
Basic cellular requirements?: In: sugars, amino acids, oxygen
out: Carbon dioxide, nitrogenous wast
Maintain: Water and Na balance
Internalization?: Cells exist in an environment that is different than the external.
How do triptoblasts get materials to and from all cells?: all cells linked to a transport system
4 major organ systems in triptoblasts + funcitons: Digestive(food,water,salt), Circulatory(material transport), Excretory(Nwaste, salt/water balance), respiratory (o2 in,co2 out)
How do excretory systems control the solute concentrations (osmolarity) of extracellular fluids?: 1. filter body fluids
2. Active secretion and resorption of specific ions.
Osmoconformer vs. osmoregulator? ex?: Osmoconformer lives in ocean with intra extra cellular fluids same. Freshwater animals must work to expell water and while conserving salt.
2 Primary divergent features of Porifera?: 1.cellular grade of organization
2.Totipotent cells
Totipotent?: Cells that can differentiate
Porifera characteristics?: -all aquatic
-lack body symmetry
-sessile
filter feeders
How are sponge bodies supported?: Skeleton of spicules and collagen
4 sponge cell types+funciton?: 1. pinarocytes-surface
2. amebocytes-food transport, structural support, reproduction
3. porocyte-surround ostial opening
4.choanocytes-produce current and traps food particles
Porifera defense?: spicules, toxic compounds, little nutrition
kleptocnidae?: mollusc that consume cnidocytes and use them in their own defence
Polyp vs. medusa?: Polyp: oral side up, sessile,asexual, intertidal or benthic, large colonies from asexual budding.
Medusa: oral side down, free-floating, pelagic, sexual reproduction.
4 major groups of cnidarians?: Hydrozoans
Scyphozoans
Cubozoans
Anthozoans
polymorphic?: organism having more than one adult form.
coral reefs, where?: "rain forest of the sea" marine biodiversity hotspot.' colonial anthozoans with calcium carbonate base. found in shallow tropical seas.
reefs in trouble, wheiyy?: pollution, mining, blastfishing, increasing solar irradiance, warmer waters.
Diploblastic condition?: 2 cell layers= gastrodermis (from endoderm) and epidermis (from ectoderm)
3 main synapomorphies for triploblsts?: 1. bilateral
2. 3 embryonic germ layers
3. Body cavities
bilateral symmetry?: 2 body axes
Triploblastic condition?: 3 cell layers:
ecto=outer body covering+cns
endo=gut lining+ass. organs
meso=true muscle tissue
3 triploblast body cavities?: acoelomate (region between endo, and ectoderm is mesoderm (lacking of cavitiy)
pseudocoelomate (have body cavity btwn endo/meso)
coelomate (true cavity lined by meso)
function of coelom?: space and holds for internal organs, fluid cushion organs, fluid is hydrostatic skeleton
ex of protostome animals?: apods,molluscs,worms, most invertebrates
deuterstome animals?: starfish, vertebrates)
3 differences between protostomes and deuterostomes?: proto deutero
N.S.:ventral dorsal
blasto
pore: mouth anus
hox
cluster: no
expansion expansion
of
posterior
genes
functional embryo?: body axes established, symmetry, formation of the embryoninc germ layers.
most diverse lopotrochozoans?: molluscs, annelida, platyhelminthes
describe platyhelminthes?: -acoelomate
-posses head
-flat
-anterior conc. NS
-large SA
protonephridia?: specialized excretory cell in platyhelmithes that conserve amino acids, sugars, ions, while excreting excess water=Nwaste
4 platyhelminthes + lifestyles?: see page 646
Global impact of Schistosomiasis?: In africa, se asia, nw s. america, caribbean. 200 mill infected, 20 mill chronically ill.
Function of circulatory systems in animals?: To transport gases, nutrients, waste, and hormones to and from interstitial fluids.
4 major transport systems in triptoblasts?: digestive, respiratory, excretory, circulatory
respiratory pigments?: O2 transport molecules
4 different types of respiratory systems?: see notes.
4 mollusc features?: 1. internal organs between ventral muscular foot.
2.Dorsal mantle (dorsal cell layer that secretes a shell)
3. Mouth w/ radula
4. Mantle cavity w/ gills and anus.
3 major groups of molluscs + examples?: Gastropods (snails)
Bivalvia (oyster)
Cehphalopod (squid)
Primary synapomorphy for ecdysozoans?: protein-based cuticle>>they must be molted to grow (ecdysis)
Major ecdysozan phyla?: Apods,nematodes, small phyla
Apod's relatives + 3 features shared?: velvet worms and waterbears
1. body segmentation
2. appendages
3.cuticle w/ chitin
3 evolutionary successess for apods?: high species diversity
high ecological diversity
Numerically Dominant
4 major groups of apods + habitats?: 1. Crustacea (aquatic)
2. Chelicerata (Mostly terrestrial)
3. Myriapoda (all terrestrial)
4. Hexapoda (mostly terrestrial)
2 important features of apod body plan?: semented body, chitinous cuticle
3 functions of skeleton:: 1. locomotion
2. support
3. protection
cuticle?: external multilayer proteinacious matrix secreted by epidermal cells
chitin?: structural polysaccharide
Characterstics of apods exoskeleton?: -variable thick/flexible
-tough+hard
-light+strong
-waxy outer layer to prevent water loss
1st animal on land+when?: chelicerates+myriopods 400 mya
3 main chelicerates + habitat?: Merostomata (marine)
Pycnogodia (marine)
Arachnids (essentially all terrestrial)
Chelicerate body plan?: 2 tagmata: 1 cephlothorax w 6 pairs of appendages. 1 posterior abdomen
Chelicerae?: 1 pair of appendages that are pincherlike
Pedipalps?: 2nd pair, great diversity (prey capture, defence, sensory, sperm transfer)
2 spider successes?: silk and venom
talk about spider silk?: secreted protein from abdominal gland as a liquid that undergoes conformational change when pulled from spinnerettes. silk is used for egg protection, prey capture, safety line, nest building, balooing
biodiversity?: variety of life forms at cellular, tissue, organ, organism, population, species, ecosystem levels
Ecosystem services?: regulation of climate
purification of water
retention of water
formation of soils
enriching of soils
nutrient cycling
pollination
pest control
marketable biodiversity?: food, material, fule, ecoturism, biomolecules
5 causes of extinctions?: habitat destruction
invasive species
climate change
over exploitation
pollution

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