Bio 1 Final Review

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What is heat?: total kinectic energy due to the molecular motion in a body
What is kinetic energy?: energy of motion
What is the definition of temperature?: the measure of heat due to the average kinetic energy of molecules in a body
What is specific heat?: the amount of energy it takes to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance 1 degree celsius
what is a calorie?: the amount of energy it takes to raise 1 gram of a substance 1 degree celsius
surface tension?: measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid
cohesion?: phenomenon of a substance being held together by H-bonding
ex) water to water
- creates surface tension
adhesion? why is this important? what is this called in plants?: phenomenon of a substance sticking to another substance by H-bonding
ex) water to another polar substance like glass
- facilitates movement of water up plants
- capillary action (imbibition) moves water up into small spaces
water supports life on earth.... 4 ways: 1. 3/4 earth covered by water
2. life evolved in water
3. 70-95 % of body made of water
4. water exists in all 3 physical states
5 ways water is advantageous to life..: 1. high solubility
2. low density of ice
3. high heat of vaporization
4. high specific heat
5. high cohesive and adhesive forces
vaporization?: transformation from a liquid to a gas
heat of vaporization?: amount of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g to be converted to the gaseous state
what type of process is evaporation? endo or exo....why what type of process is condensation?: endothermic...cooling process...requires energy which is pulled from skin or surroundings

exothermic- liquid colls and environment heats...energy released
heat of fusion? how is this advantageous to the environment?: the energy it takes to change from a solid to a liquid

with water- it helps regulate temperature
how does water's density change? advantages?: density increases as temp is decreased until 4 celsius, where the density begans to decrease with the temperature

ice floats- prevents deep bodies from freezing

ice insulates water and releases heat as it melts
solution?: a liquid that is a homogenous mixture of 2 or more substances
solvent?: the substance in greater amount in a solution
solute?: the substance in lesser amount in a solution
why is water a good solvent?: b/c of its ability to form H bonds and b/c it is polar....will gather closely around ions and polar molecules
what happens during the ionization of water?: spontaneous formation of ions....water undergoes this every 1/550 million molecules

H20+ H20= H3O+ + OH-
what is an acid?: a substance that liberates H+ ions in solution
what is a base?: a substance that liberates OH- ions in solution
what is ph? how is the scale based?: - ph is the measure of the H+ ion concentration

- it is the negative log of the H+ concentration
-based on a scale of 10
who came up with theory of evolution? what are the main points?: charles darwin

-natural selection
genetic variation exists
hierachial levels of organization....: atoms-molecules-organelles-cells-tissues- organs- organ systems- organisms
emergent properties?: properties that emerge at each higher level of organization
Schleiden and Schwann? Hooke?: cell theory- all living things made of cells and cells can only be made from preexisting cells

-saw first cells in cork
matter?: anything that takes up space and has mass
mass? weight?: a measure of the amount of matter in an object - same on diff planets

- due to gravitational pull
element?: substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by ordinary chamical means
compound?: a pure substance composed of 2 or more elements in a fixed ratio and has unique properties
molecule?: 2 or more atoms held together by covalent bond
atom?: smallest unit of matter with physical and chemical properties

proton- +, 1 dalton
neutron- neutral ""
electron- - no mass
energy?: the capacity to do work
hydrogen bond?: the attraction between a partially + charged H atom (which is bonded to an electronegative element) and an electronegative atom in another molecule

- very weak, but collectively very strong and very important
organic molecules contain....: carbon
hydrocarbons?: contain only hydrogen and carbon

- fossil fuels, lipids,hydrophobic
isomer? 2 types: compounds with same molecular formula but with different structures and properties- source of chemical variation

structural- differnet arrangement of atoms - carbon skeleton different
geometric- share same covalent relationships but differ in spatial arrangement- b/c of double bonds
functional groups- OH C=O: oh- hydroxy- polar,h20 S,called alcohols

c=o-carbonyl- polar, h20 S, called sugars....
aldehyde- bound at end
ketone- bound in middle of C skeleton
functional groups COOH NH2: COOH- carboxyl, polar, h20 S, readily doantes H+, molecules called coarboxylic acids

NH2- amino group- polar, h20 S, may take up H+, molecules called amines
functional group PO3 SH CH3: phosphate- polar, H20 S, acidic properties, important in cellular energy storage and transfer

sulfhydral- stabilizes proteins by forming disulfide bridges

methyl group- nonpolar, hyrdophobic
types of polymerization reactions condensation reaction hydolysis: polym- rxn which links 2 or more monomers(subunits)

cond- links 2 molecules with the removal of a h2o

hydol- breaks linkage with water
carbs- structure/function functional groups? building blocks?: many C-H bonds...EF= CH20
good for energy storage

groups- alcohol(OH) and aldehyde (C=O)

-monosaccharides-straight chain or ring
disaccahrides- glycosidic linkage
poly- starch and glycogen- many starches are branched making them insoluble
structural forms of polysaccahrides? alpha beta: a- found in starch

b- found in cellulose
lipids monomers? functional groups?: triglycerides

monomers- 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids

functional- glycerol is a 3 C alcohol
fatty acid- COOH- acts as organic acid
hydorcarbon chain
lipids linkage structure (sat or unsat, poly unsat): ester linkage- formed between OH and COOH groups during condensation rxn

structure- saturated- no double or triple C bonds- holds all H atoms possible- solid at rm temp- animal fat

unsaturated- double or triple bonds are present- some H atoms missing- usually liquid at rm temp- plant fat

polyunsaturated- more than 1 doubl or triple bond
lipid characteristics function kinds: hydrophobic

storage- up to 2x as much as starch with less weight
insulation
cushion

phospholipids
steroids
7 functions of proteins: enzyme catalysis
defense
transport
support
motion
regualtion
storage
proteins monomer? linkage?: mono- amino acid (amino and carboxyl group (COOH) and R group)
- 20 amino acids

peptide bond- formed by conden rxn (covalent bond linking amineo & carboxyl groups)
rigid bonds
4 different structures of proteins?: primary- amino acid sequence

secondary- alpha helix or beta pleated sheet

tertiary- 3D shape- do to van der waals forces(weak interactions)- H bonding, ionic bonds b/w charged side chains, disulfide bridges, hydrophobic interactions

quaternary- # of polypeptide chains making up the protein
nucleic acid polymers and linkage? types: phosphodiester bonds between phosphate group and a nucleotide and a sugar

DNA- double stranded, genetic material

RNA- single, uses info for protein synthesis
cell fractionation? how is this done?: ability to isolate various parts of a cell's contents for study

centrifugation
advantages of comparmentalization: different enzymes in diff compartments can allow diff reactions to take place w/o interfering with one another

can have different environmental conditions
nucleus nucleolus chromosomes: double membrane bound with different proteins in each layer

close to center of cell-controls activities of the cell

nucleolus- packages ribosomal subunits
chromosomes- condensed chromatin
ribosomes composed of? locations? functions?: composed of rRNA and protein

in cytoplasm, free, or bound

protein synthesis
free- make proteins that fucntion in cytosol
bound- make proteins that export or inclusion in membranes
endoplasmic reticulum? smooth? 4 main functions rough?3 main functions: system of channels

smooth- no ribosomes- makes lipid, phospholipids and steroids
detoxifies drugs and poisons
stores calcium ions, metabolizes carbs

rough- has ribosomes- makes secretory proteins, glycoproteins, and more membrane
golgi apparatus lysosomes vacuoules: - finishes, sorts,and ships

lysosomes- digestive organelles
intercecllular digestion- phagocytosis
recylce cell's organic material
programmed call destruction

-- food, contractile, central vacuole
mitochondria: double membrane bound
makes ATP
cristae- inner membrane
chloroplasts function membrane spaces: contain chlorphyll
converts light energy to chemical energy in plants
double membrane bound

3 spaces- intermembrane, thylakoid, and stroma
cytoskeleton function 3 types: support and mobility

microtubules- support, separation of chromosomes

microfilaments- support, muscle contraction

intermediate filaments- reinforce shape, fix organelle position
plasma membrane function structure: separates the living cell from the environment
can self-assemble

selectively perrmeable

phospholipid, proteins, and cholesterol
singer membrane model: membrane fluidity -phospholipids and proteins can move in membrane but not from layer to later
what affects membrane fluidity?: cholesterol
prevents tight packing

to worl properly with enzymes and remain permeable- membrane must remain fluid
the fluid mosaic model integral proteins peripheral proteins: integral- transmembrane- hydro philic and phobic regions

peripheral- not embedded at all
loosely bound to surface
role of membrane proteins: reinforce shape of cell- framework

on cytoplasm side- can connect to cytoskeleton
exterior side- can attach to extracellular matrix
cell to cell recogntion: by carbohydrates located on surface

rejection of foreign bodies, vary between individuals
transport proteins examples: integral proteins that transport specific molecules or ions across a membrane

ex) water channel proteins (aquaprorin)
Na\K pump
traffic across the membrane polar non polar molecules: polar- small enough to pass b/w membrane lipids
larger molecules will not pass through membrane
ions have great difficulty passing through membrane

nonpolar- dissolve in membrane and pass with ease
- smaller molecules pass the easiest
passive transport diffusion osmosis: diffusion across a membrane down a concentration gradient

diffusion- movement from high conce to lower conc

osmosis- mvmt of water from high to low
facilitated diffusion: diffusion of solutes across a membrane with the help of transport proteins

helps diffusion of polar molecules and proteins
very specific proteins
require no energy
facilitated diffusion can be slowed down by: saturation of proteins
competitive inhibitors
active transport: mvmt of a substance across a membrane with the help of a protein carrier and cellular energy

- helps maintain conc gradient

ex) Na-K pump 3 na out , 2 k in
membrane potential drives.... what do ion pumps do?: passive diffusion of ions across a membrane

ion pumps henerate voltage across the membrane
electrochemical gradient: diffusion gradient that results from combunes effects of membrane potential and concentration gradient
electrogenic pump: transport protein that generates voltage across a membrane

voltage created is source of enery for cellular work
cotransport: process of a single ATP powered pump actively tansporting 1 solute and indirectly transporting another solute against its concentration gradient
exocytosis endocytosis receptor mediated endocytosis: exporting macromolecules from a cell by the fusion of a vescicle with plasma membrane

importing macromolecules into a cell by forming vesicle derived from mb
- phagocytosis- solid matter
- pinocytosis- fluid
- receptor mediated- allows a cell to acquire bulk quantities of specific material that may be in low concentration in the environment

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