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Micro Exam V: The adaptive Immune System (17)

Terms

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cytotoxic T cells
a lymphocyte that respond to invading pathogens by killing those cells in our body that have been infected by a pathogen (and therefore bear its antigen)
helper T cells
a lymphocyte that augments the antimicrobial activities of other lymphocytes,,,some activate macrophages to become more efficient phagocytes, or they can stimulate B cells to produce more antibodies. they are activated by a lock and key recognition to antigens on the surface of B lymphocytes. they are activated by cytokines from the APC, but also produce cytoknes
autoimmunity
the immune systems ability to not respond against itself or to elicit a robust response to the commensals
T-cell antigen receptors
the antigen receptors on the surface of a T lymphocyte
antigens
certain foreign molecules that we lack
humoral immunity
a type of immunity that is caused by the circulation of antibodies produced by B cells and differentiated into our blood. These antibodies provide protection from invading pathogens through: neutralization, opsonization, and activating complement.
Class I MHC
a protein that plays an important role in T cell response to virus-infected cells. viral antigen proteins are broken down into peptide fragments, these act as targets for cytotoxic CD8 cell with a complementary receptor.
active immunity
a immune response which involves the production of antibodies against that toxin produced by your body
IgA
an antibody that is secreted into the lumen of the gut, found in mucous membranes and breast milk, and is found as a dimer. Ex. an oral vaccine that ends up in the intestine, where it will encounter this antibody
IgE
an antibody that is involved in hypersensitivity and allergies. For some reason the body makes this antibody instead of IgG/A
macrophage
has the potential to be an APC, and is responsable for the initiation of the immune system
memory B cells
one of the types of cells that is the result of clonal selection. these are help in reserve to fight future infections by the same pathogen
epitope
a small part of a single antigen that is recognizable by the lymphocyte. These are responsible for the activation to either a B or T cell and determines the humoral or cell-mediated immune response
antigen presenting cell
a cell that can phagocytize an antigen. The antigen is destroyed inside the cell, and spit out as a peptide on the outside of the cell.
neutralize
one method of antibodies defense against pathogens. the inactivation of a toxin or compounds on the surface of the pathogen by binding to them.
Vaccination
A method of conferring immunity, but avoids the dangers of a first infection
antibodies
a defensive protein produced by B cells
B cell
a lymphocyte that plays a central role in the adaptive immune system. They are activated into defense by antigens. They attack the pathogen by producing antibodies.
thymus
a gland located in front of the heart that is responsible for the differentiation of the T cells that were produced in the bone marrow.
humoral response
aka antibody response. the B cell is covered in one specific antibody; it is activated by binding to that specific antigen. that antigen is taken in, spit out on the surface where activated helper T cells bind. mitosis (assisted with cytokines from the T-helper) makes more B cells, and those B cells undergo division. These B cells are either plasma or memory cells
lymphocyte
three kinds of this: B, T, and NK
complement
a set of pathogen destroying proteins in the serum that are activated by antibodies.
plasma cells
one of the types of cells that is the result of clonal selection. they produce huge quantities of antibodies to fight the current infection, they are relatively short lived and disappear soon after the infection is controlled.
langerhans
a possible APC that is found in the dermis
secondary lymphoid tissues
storage and (sometimes) activation sites of lymphocytes, arrive at these locations by leaving the bloodstream through specialized blood vessels. Most commonly stored in the lymph node and spleen, but also stored in the tonsils, adenoids, appendix, and Peyer's patch
cell-mediated immunity
a type of immunity that is provided by T cells....which directly attack pathogen-infected CELLS indicated by antigens that appear on their surface. This effectively protects us from intracellular pathogens by interrupting their cycle of infection.
opsonization
one method of antibodies defense against pathogens. they bind to the surface of the pathogen and simplify the phagocytosis process.
T helper
CD4 or T4
CTL
CD8 or T8. an important component of viral infections; it takes 3-4 days to generate CTL
immunoglobulins
a name for antibodies because they are immunologically active and they are found in the globulin protein of the serum. they are separated into 5 different classes (G,M,A,D,E)
light chains
the 2 smaller polypeptide chains that make up part of the antibody
MHC Class II
found on the surface of an APC. holds a fragment of the digested antigen and presents it to the T-helper cell. T helper cell binds to it
clonal selection
the process of B cell stimulation that results in a clone of cells that can make an effective form of the same antibody
B lymphocyte
a possible APC
divalent
refer to all antibodies, when they appear as a monomer, they have two antigen binding sites
heavy chains
the 2 larger polypeptide chains that are in the
IgM
the first antibody produced when B cells are stimulated, found as a pentamer
immune tolerance
the ability not react to the body's own molecules. the immune system's ability to recognize only foreign molecules as antigens and does not attack our own tissues .
IgG
a major serum antibody (it can cross the placenta). Ex. if you get a shot, the vaccine ends up in the lymphatic system, which joins with the circulatory system with the blood where this antibody is found
IgD
an antibody that is produced by the stimulated B cell, its function is unknown
bone marrow
the jellylike mass in the core of our large bones. This contains stem cells that give rise to all our blood cells...including our B and T cells
endothelial
a possible APC that line the blood vessels
passive immunity
a type of immunity produced because of the effects of antibodies produced by other organisms
primary lymphoid tussues
the tissues where lymphoctes are formed or differentiate. includes bone marrow and the thymus
dendritic
a cell that can be an APC, found stationary in the lymph nodes, spleen, skin, and thymus. they have a branching shape.
lymphatic circulatory system
a circulatory system that contains vessels that collect excess body fluid (lymph) from the body's tissue and returns it to the bloodstream. the lymph merges with the blood vessels at the thoracic duct which empties into the heart. is composed of 10^12 different kinds of lymphocytes

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