History Sem. 2 Final
Terms
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- Sputnik
- launched by soviets to orbit the earth
- Freedom Summer
- project that helped register African Americans to vote
- Apartheid
- rigid segregation of races in South Africa / Carter condemned it
- Medicaid
- National healthcare for the needy
- Warren Commission
- investigated assassination of JFK
- Montgomery Improvement Association
- organization who's spokesperson was MLKJ; spoke in favor of Montgomery Bus Boycott
- Ronald Reagan
- president who was shot at in 1981 by a man trying to impress Jodi Foster
- D-Day (Operation Overlord)
- helped allies est. base from which they swept Germany out of France
- Gerald Ford
- president who pardoned Nixon and Vietnam draft dodgers
- Civil Rights Act of 1964
- act that prohibited discrimination in jobs and public housing
- Three Mile Island
- Nuclear Power Plant in Harrisburg, Penn. which failed, causing radiation to be admitted in the air
- Y2K
- fear that no electronics would work due to not switching to the year 2000
- Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
- group that focused on ending racial discrimination peacefully
- Terrorism
- (1) TWA Flight 847 - Greece to Rome, hijacked with 153 onboard (2) Pan-Am Flight 103 - exploded over Scotland, killing 256 passengers
- Ho Chi Minh Trail
- important supply route for north Vietnamese soldiers
- Brown v. the Board of Education
- Supreme Court case that stated separate schools were NOT equal
- Glasnost
- policy of allowing more open criticism of the Soviet government
- Vietnam Memorial
- memorial to Vietnam veterans entitles "Dark Silence", completed 1984
- Tet Offensive
- Vietnamese New Year, when North attacked South - as a result, Americans began heavily protesting against Vietnam
- Little Rock Nine
- 9 African American students who attempted to integrate Central High; met with some opposition
- Counterculture
- hippie movement characterized by heavy drug use and casual sex
- Peace Corps
- new frontier program, sent volunteers to developing nations for two years
- Rwanda
- area of Africa in which genocide was discovered in 1994
- Realpolitik
- Nixon's belief in putting National interests before all else
- Challenger
- space shuttle which exploded in 1986
- Thurgood Marshall
- NAACP lawyer who suggested segregation was damaging to African American children
- Bill Clinton
- won election of 1992 and was impeached due to Monica Lewinsky scandal and after acquitted
- Oklahoma City Bombing
- 1995, first act of domestic terrorism by an American
- Berlin Airlift
- successful because it embarrassed the Soviets
- Jimmy Carter
- human rights was his foreign policy focus (apartheid)
- Reaganomics
- trickle-down economics
- domino theory
- if one country falls to communism, others will fall more easily
- Axis Powers WWII
- Germany, Italy, Japan
- GI Bill of Rights
- gave veterans money for housing and education
- 38th Parallel
- place where North and South Korea were divide into American and Soviet occupied zones
- Cold War
- US and Soviet conflict in which they would block each others goals around the world
- McCarthyism
- Joseph McCarthy spread fear of communism in the US
- appeasement
- policy of giving in to hostile nations to avoid war
- Black Power
- movement that urged African Americans to gain control of political and economic power by force if necessary
- Nelson Mandela
- leader who was freed in South Africa in 1990 and struggled to end Apartheid
- Lend-Lease Act
- allowed US to provide arms & supplies to allies before the US joined the fighting
- Rosa Parks
- refused to give up her seat on the bus to a white man and was arrested
- Operation Desert Storm
- US protection of Kuwait in 1990
- flexible response
- JFK's policy that provided several options for handling Cold War issues
- AIDS
- disease which was highlighted by a memorial quilt created in 1987
- INF Treaty
- agreement which eliminated all medium-range nuclear weapons
- Atomic Bomb/ Manhattan Project
- developed in Manhattan, tested in New Mexico, used to end war quickly
- Marshall Plan
- pledged billions of dollars to Europe to prevent communism
- Berlin Blockade
- in 1948 Soviets blockaded Berlin in an effort to keep communism in east Germany
- Tonkin Gulf Resolution
- 1st time a president declared an act of war without the consent of Congress (JOHNSON)
- Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)
- women were encouraged to fight for more rights and lobbied to have this amendment passed
- Woodstock
- major musical event which represented the best and worst of the counterculture
- Tienanmen Square
- 1989 - University students in China protested, wanting freedom of speech and a greater say in govt. China's leader ordered military to slaughter students
- Berlin Wall (going up)
- separated East and West Berlin from 1961 to 1989 - built by communist EAST BERLIN to prevent citizens from fleeing to the west
- automation
- affected business by increasing productivity
- Bosnia
- 1992 Bosnia voted on independence but the Serbs were against in and used ethnic cleansing to remove non-Serbs from their territory
- Pearl Harbor
- Dec. 7th, 1941, Japan attacked Hawaii b/c we cut off oil supply b/c they wouldn't leave Mancuria
- Arms Race
- Matching another country's production of weapons
- Internment Camps
- camps on west coast where govt placed Japanese Americans after Pearl Harbor
- Perestroika
- a restructuring of the Soviet economy which led to the fall of Communism
- Nazism
- German govt in WWII
- General MacArthur
- person who disagreed with Truman on his Korea Policy and was fired
- United Nations
- created in 1945 to promote international peace
- Sandra Day O'Conner
- first female supreme court justice
- role of women (1950s)
- to cook, clean, and raise the kids
- brinkmanship
- ability to get to the verge of war without entering one
- Camp David Accords
- 1st signed peace agreement between Egypt and Israel
- Richard Nixon
- 1st president to visit China, resigned due to Watergate scandal
- containment
- preventing the spread of communism
- Fascism
- a govt. characterized by racism and militarism, a repressive one-party dictatorship
- Nuremberg Trials
- established the principle that individuals can be held responsible for wartime conduct
- Bay of Pigs
- invasion planned by the CIA to overthrow Castro
- Watergate
- scandal which led to resignation of Nixon
- Baby boom
- population increase resulted from younger marriages and put emphasis on parenting
- Iran-Contra Affair
- involved funding guerrilla forces in Nicaragua in exchange for hostages
- Star Wars
- cold war defense plan put in space (REAGAN)
- Native Americans (1950s)
- ethnic group pressured to move to cities as a result of termination
- Environmental Protection Agency
- Organization developed to protect the environment
- consumerism
- purchasing a lot of material goods
- SDS
- Student Democratic Society - radical student group who organized the 1st anti-war protest in Washington
- Head Start Program
- Great Society program that offered preschool to those who could not afford it
- Dixiecrats
- political party from the south, broke off of Democrats due to race issue
- Explorer I
- 1st US satellite
- urban renewal
- replacing old run down buildings with new ones
- The National Defense Education Act
- appropriated money to improve math, science, and foreign language in schools
- Thomas-Hill Hearings
- sexual harassment hearing in 1993 between Anita Hill and Clarence Thomas (potential Supreme Court justice)
- Iran Hostage Crisis
- the Shah of Iran (a US ally) came to US after a revolution in Iran and armed students took 52 American hostages. (contributed to the defeat of Carter in 1980 election)
- Cuban Missile Crisis
- soviets placed missiles in Cuba aimed at the US - it was 13 days of potential nuclear war
- Adolph Hitler
- used spoken word to rise to power in Germany
- Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
- 1960, coordinated sit-ins and protests to help young blacks protest discrimination and the Vietnam war peacefully
- Family Medical Leave Act
- laws requiring businesses to provide up to 12 weeks unpaid leave for family emergencies
- Martin Luther King, Jr
- led MIA and made it his goal in life to end racial injustice
- Cloning
- Dolly the sheep was cloned in 1998
- silent generation
- youth of the 50s - conformed to middle-class culture without question
- Affirmative Action
- policy put into place to erase former discrimination of the basis of race and gender
- Allied Powers WWII
- Great Britain, Russia, France, US
- styles of dress (1950s)
- poodle skirts, cardigans sweaters, capris, bermudas, leather jackets
- OPEC
- Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries - Quadrupled oil prices in the 70s
- Kent State
- campus in Ohio where 4 students were killed in an Anti-war protest by National Guard
- Beatniks
- Free thinking poets and writers who rejected conformity
- Holocaust
- 2/3 (6 million) Jews exterminated by Nazis
- Civil Rights Act of 1957
- act which outlawed attempts to prohibit qualified voters from voting
- Medicare
- national healthcare for elderly - 65 or older
- Armistice Agreement
- signed Sept. 2nd, 1945, on battleship Missouri in Tokyo Bay
- Chernobyl
- worst nuclear accident ever in Ukraine, 31 died immediately, 300 injured
- Roe v. Wade
- Supreme Court decision that legalized abortion
- Fall of the Berlin Wall
- 1989 - communist government failed and crowds left East Germany as people dismantled the wall
- Totalitarianism
- govt. controlled by single person or party, controlling every aspect of life