stuff i don't know
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- nucleosome
- consists of dna wound around a protein core of eight histone molecules
- slash
- removing tumor
- carinomas
- cancer in external parts of body, ex: skin
- chemotherapy
- drugs that disrupt cell division, ex: taxol
- centrosomes
- clouds of cytoplasmic material that in animal cells contain centrioles
- centromere
- join sister chromatins tightly at a region
- redox reactions
- chemical reactions that transfer electrons from one molecule to another
- s phase
- in middle of interphase when chromosomes are duplicated
- oxidation
- loss of electrons during redox
- radiation therapy
- parts of the body are exposed to high radiation to disrupt cell division, can cause nausea and hair loss
- metastasis
- spreading of cancer cells beyond their original sites
- what is the first level of packing?
- histones have the appearance of beads on a string
- more interphase
- period of cell growth, in G2, the cytoplasm contains two centrosomes, chromosomes are duplicated in the nucleus, cell is making ribsomes
- cytokinesis
- the cytoplasm is divided into two, usually begins before mitosis is completed, produces two genetically identical daughter cells
- interphase intro
- 90% of the cells life is spent in this phase doubles everything in cytoplasm increases supply of proteins, organelles, and growth in size
- prophase continued...
- nuclear envelope breaks up, the spindle microtubules can now reach the chromosomes, chromosomes are thick and have protein structure at their centromeres. spindle latches onto chromosomes and microtubules, spindle moves chromo. to center
- Sarcomas
- in tissues that support the body, ex: bone and muscle
- metaphase
- the chromosomes are lined up, spindle is fully formed, the spindle microtubules attached to the two sister chromatids pull toward opposite poles to keep chromosomes in place
- prophase
- in the nucleus, chromatin fibers coil to turn to chromosomes, the nucleoli disappear, each chromosome appears as two identical sister chromatids joined together with a centromere, mitotic spindle form as microtubules grow out from cnetromeres, that are moving away from each other
- second level of packing?
- the beaded string is wrapped into a tight helical fiber, then the fiber coils into a supercoil (thick)
- mitosis stages
- prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
- microfilaments
- are made of actin, a protein that enables muscle cells to contract
- cancer cells
- deranged cell cycles can divide excessively, reproduction of cancer cells result in malignant tumors
- g2
- in G2, each chromosome in the cell consists of two identical sister chromatids, the cell is preparing to divide
- histones
- small proteins only found in eukaryotes
- chromatin
- make up chromosomes made of DNA and protein molecules
- cytokinesis in plants
- cell wall material is collected in the middle of the cell, it fuses with the mebranous disk called the cell plate, then the cell plate fuses with the plasma membrane and it split into two daughter cells
- anaphase
- when sister chromatids of each chromosomes separate, motor proteins at the centromeres, the daughter chromosomes to the poles, microtubules shorten, except the ones that are not attached to chromosomes because those grow longer to elongate the cell
- mitotic spindle
- football shape of microtubules that guides separation of two sets of daughter chromosomes, grow from two cetromsomes
- mitosis
- the nucleus and its contents are evenly divided and distributed (form two daughter nuclei)
- daughter cell
- the new chromosomes go to daughter cells after breaking apart receive a complete set of chromosomes
- cell cycle
- an orderly sequence of events that extends from time a cell first arises until it itself divides
- cleavage furrow
- an indentation in the cytoplasm just under the plasma membrane is responsible for the cleavage, the ring contracts like pulling a drawstring
- mitotic phase (M)
- when the cell is actually dividing, two processes: mitosis and cytokinesis
- telophase
- when the two groups of chromosomes have reached the cell poles, nucluer envelope forms, chromosomes uncoil, nucleoli reappear, spindle disappears
- G1 and G2 phase
- before and after the s phase, g=gap
- benign tumor
- one that remains in the original site in the body, abnormal growth mass of body cells
- how do chromatin turn into chromosomes?
- when the cell is preparing to divide, the chromatin fibers coil up, forming compact chromosomes
- how can such long strands of dna fit into the nucleus?
- the choromosomes in the dna are packed into many foldings and coilings
- sister chromosomes
- the copies of the chromosomescontain identical genes joined by centromere
- leukemias and lymphomas
- cancers of blood forming tissues, ex: bone marrow and lymph nodes
- cell cycle control system
- sequential events of the cycle are directed by a cell cycle control system and consist of specific proteins within the cell
- seven cancers that can be easily detected:
- breast, oral, testicular, cervical, skin, prostate, and colon
- cytokinesis
- division of cytoplasm, usually occurs with telophase, in animals, a cleavage furrow pinches the cell in two...producing two daughter cells
- dna replication
- before a cell can divide it must make duplicates of all its chromosomes