Final
Final
Terms
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- Associative meaning:
- Is the spectrum of secondary denotative and connotative meanings that an audience associates with the primary object or reference. What springs to mind when you say something, (party: birthday cakes, hats, alcohol)
- Sinner
- Another person or group is portrayed in a negative light in order to make them repellant to an audience.
- Idol
- An attempt to invest an object with such attractive qualities that audiences seek to possess or preserve them
- Parallelism
- Is the repeated pairing of different ideas in one or more rhythmic couplets within the same sentence. "My blood or my tears." "good and evil" "us and them"
- Feeling:
- A sensory response to some environmental stimulation or physical state. Language can arouse feelings.
- Attitudes
- Habitual responses toward the people, objects and events in our everyday environments. Whenever something is present a consistent response will follow, if I see a snake I will run away. I have a negative attitude towards snakes.
- Logical Fallacies:
- Invalid forms of reasoning, that rely on exaggeration or misdirection to produce persusasive effects. 7 types (either or, slippery slope, bandwagon, ad hominem, false cause, scapegoating red herring)
- Antithesis
- Is when two similarly phrased but contradictory, ideas are consecutively expressed in order to favor one over the other. "this is not a time for praising virtue, but for virtuous praise"
- Style
- A speech with style comes together into a whole that possesses a particular unity of character and message that makes it something more than the sum of its parts.
- Non Sequitur:
- Latin for "it doesn't follow" a statement that has no apparent connection with the statements that came before or after it. Saying something unrelated in the midst of a speech, like speaking about taxes and mentioning you like football
- Deductive Reasoning:
- First form of logical reasoning whenever we employ a general principle to help interpret the character of some particular object, event or process. ---e.g answering whether or not I can live for ever? I realize all humans are mortal, I deduct I am a human and thus deduct I will one day die
- Saint
- Portrays other individuals or groups in a positive light in order to make them role models for other people to follow
- Denotative meaning
- is the "literal" reference of a word that is most universally associated with its use. Its like the dictionary definitation, or a picture in a children books to illustrate a words meaning
- Meaning
- For something to have meaning it must stand for something other than itself. (waving a hand is a greeting not just a waving of the hand it has a meaning)
- Abomination
- Strategy which is the attempt to make an object seem so repellent that an audience ignores, shuns, discards or destroys it.
- Pathos:
- Refers to the use of emotional appeals to persuade an audience by putting them in a certain frame of mind that makes them more willing to act in one way than in another.
- Narrative Fidelity:
- How accurately a speaker represents the actual facts
- Red Herring:
- Attempt by a rhetor to distract attention from one issue by focusing attention on something unrelated (e.g bush blaming bad economy on war on terror)
- Casual Reasoning:
- Focuses primarily on determining the nature of practical consequences of an action or event. Not looking at something is but what it does.-e.g Put on your coat, if you don't you will freeze
- Emotion:
- Dramatized feelings that orient us to things within our environment that stand out as significant. (Both happen inside us and are connected to our physical state. Fear is an emotion because we fell it inside and our bodies react physically.
- Analogical Reasoning:
- bringing together two things who might not otherwise go together for the purpose of making a comparison. (Nine eleven was as bad as pearl harbor is an analogous reasoning)
- False Cause:
- A strategy of attributing causes or effects based on one's immediate desires or fears rather than an objective study of the process (leaders will attribute positive outcomes based on their leadership regardless while blaming negative effects on something the audience already dislikes)
- Practical Meaning:
- The actual effect brought about by one's choice of language. "What a word does rather than refers to" The word fire technically denotes the presence of flame but ultimately can terrify someone and bring about panic.
- Logical reasoning:
- The manipulation of principles, logic and evidence to establish the truth or probability of one's position.
- Narrative Probability:
- Refers to the coherence of the narrative as a story apart from the actual facts (truth is in the details)
- Rhythm
- In rhetoric is to compose words that, when spoken and heard, follow some kind of musical pattern. It has a rhythmic flow, its catchy.
- Alliteration
- The use of words that being with the same constant sound.
- Concrete words
- Words that refer to specific and readily-indentifiable qualities or actions in order to give an audience a more vivid experience of something or event. "to see he is my father is concrete rather than that man is a father"
- Either/or:
- Presents audiences with a stark choice by presenting two clear but completely opposite and incompatible alternatives. Removes any chance of middle ground (do this or this will happen, do this or your this bad)
- Scapegoating:
- When the false cause of undesired occurs is attributed to a group of people generally powerless to defend themselves (Nazi Germany blaming the jews)
- Slippery Slope:
- Exaggerates the series of inevitable and terrible consequences that will follow from performing some action. (Emphasies prohibition of an action rather than encouragement, if we do this then a horrible thing will happen )
- Similies
- Highlight a specific quality of a thing by explicitly comparing it to a like quality in something unrelated. Unlike metaphors with the audience must interpret similies do the comparing for the audience
- Narrative
- A coherent account that explains concepts, themes, people, events, objects, or processes in terms of the interaction between things through time and across space.
- Wasteland:
- Portrays a horrific state of affairs that repels an audience from current or future social conditions. Either to say we need to change this we are already in a wasteland or if we don't stop we will end up there
- Bandwagon:
- A form of argument that encourages an audience to do something simply because a majority of people are doing it (common in advertising)
- Connotative meaning
- Is the emotional judgment of attraction or repulsion that is associated with the denoted object. It is what we "feel" about the thing apart from its literal interpretation.
- Inductive Reasoning:
- Takes specific observations or experiences and draws from their similarities a general conclusion. ===example I have ate hundreds of lemons and found them sour thus I conclude all lemons are sour
- Beliefs
- Represent a cognitive association between a specific thing and a more general idea (e.g The United States is The greatest nation on earth, abortion is murder)
- Possible:
- The visualization of a future state of affairs that does not yet exist but could be brought into existence through the actions of an audience. Imagination gives us the possibility while rhetoric can employ it as possible.
- Ad Hominem:
- Latin for "against the man" argumentative strategy that undermines opposing positions by attacking the personal character of their advocates rather than the positions themselves (attacks an opponents ethos to make his arguments look less credible)
- Imagination:
- Represents the capacity to consider new possibilities in light of what is familiar or actual (opposite of memory)
- Actual Examples
- Descriptions of real things that exist or have existed, that happen or have happened
- Memory:
- The lasting recollections of significant past experiences
- Reason:
- The capacity to manipulate symbols for the purposes of creating practical frameworks of belief. If beliefs are the building blocks of our frameworks and understanding reasoning represents the process by which we arrange and rearrange those blocks in order to make a better structure.
- Virtue
- Attracts us to certain concrete actions by investing them with moral and practical values.
- Logos:
- Refers to the use of rational arguments and evidence to persuade an audience of the reasonableness of one's position. -based on the belief that human beings are rational with the potential to make decisions based on logic principles and evidence
- Example
- A brief narrative or description that demonstrates the meaning of an idea through a specific use.
- Third person fictional examples :
- Describe the actions of people as if they actually happened then reffering at the end that is just a story
- Metaphor
- Defines one thing by directly comparing it to something seemingly unrelated in order to show that they share some essential underlying quality.
- Vice
- Repels us from certain concrete actions by making them morally offensive and/or practically harmful.
- Fictional Examples:
- Descriptions of events that are only imagined to have happened in the past, present or future. Two kinds of fictional examples refer to "he or she" and second person referring to "you"
- Second Person fictional examples:
- Places the audience in a hypothetical situation and asks an audience to envision doing something
- Values
- stand for stable ideals that give structure to our beliefs and that guide our behavior across a variety of situations What the building blocks belief stand for and reason structures are supposed to represent.
- Utopia
- A vision of a perfect world in a microcosm. To employ utopia is the power of an ideal to reveal the limitations of one's actual situation and inspire hope that future events will occur.