Terminology

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exemplification: A rhetorical strategy that is the fundamental way a writer can illustrate, support, and clarify ideas that include referring to a sample, detail, person or typical event.
invective: "You sit there on your loathsome spotty behinds squeezing blackheads, not caring a tinker's cuss for the struggling artist."
stramineus: You say you are for allowing only people over twenty-one to vote. I'll never understand why mean, simple-minded activists like you are willing to deny democratic freedoms to millions of citizens.
argument: a single assertion or a series of assertions presented and defended by the writer
figurative language: Writing or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid.
synechdocy: a figure of speech that utilizes a part as representative of the whole
summary: the act of reducing an original text into its essential parts
pathos: The aspects of a literary work that elicit pity from the audience.
setting: the time and place of a literary work
periodic sentence: presents its main clause at the end of the sentence for emphasis and sentence variety
rhetoric: the process of written and oral communication
thesis: the main idea of a piece of writing
syllogism: All humans are mortal. Socrates is a human. Socrates is mortal.
euphony: the pleasant, mellifluous presentation of sounds in a literary work
theme: underlying ideas the author illustrates through characterization, motifs, language, plot, etc.
post hoc: I had an argument with my best friend the night before my driver's test; therefore, I blame her for my failure.
inference: a conclusion drawn from presented details
exposition: background information presented in a literary work
remote cause and effect: My grandmother went to college. My kids will go to college.
euphemism: Military use of "collateral damage."
generalis: stereotyping...drawing a conclusion about the large number of people based on limited evidence
denotative: objective dictionary meaning
metonymy: "The pen is mightier than the sword."
style: the unique way an author presents ideas using diction, syntax, imagery, structure and content
plot: the sequence of events in a literary work
metonymy: a figure of speech in which a representative term is used for a larger idea
allegory: a work that functions on a symbolic level
directive: type of process that gives step by step instructions
flashback: A device that enables a writer to refer to past thoughts, events or episodes.
personification: assigning human qualities to inanimate objects
imagery: the total effect of related sensory impression, concept or emotion
monologue: a speech given by a character
epigraph: the use of quotation at the beginning of a work that hints at its theme
character: those who carry out the action of the plot in literature
irony: John Proctor not knowing the one commandment of which he was guilty
sarcasm: technique that ridicules through caustic language
chronological: format for exemplification that follows a time sequence from first to last
classification: deductive rhetorical strategy
first person: pronouns and verbs used to refer to the speaker or writer of the language in which they occur
connotative: subjective meaning of a word
induction: the process of moving from a series of specifics to a generalization
third person omniscient: A point of view where the narrator knows all.
stanza: a unit of a poem
connective tissue: elements that help create coherence in a written piece
epigraph: The use of a quotation at the beginning of a work that hints at its theme.
simile: "The soul in the body is like a bird in a cage."
contributing cause and effect: I like the sound of 'college graduate'. People will respect me.
primary cause and effect: I want to succeed in life. I will be the next president of the United States.
stramineus: When the speaker/writer attributes false or exaggerated characteristics or behaviors to the opponent and attacks him on those falsehoods or exaggerations.
denotation: A pickle is a cucumber that has been prepared with vinegar, brine and the like.
setting: "It was Monday afternoon and the sky turned gray."
rhetorical strategy: a plan...how a writer employs an approach to achieve the intended purpose
structure: Chapters in "The Grapes of Wrath" that switch from narrative to informative.
plot: "I woke up. I then got dressed. I went to school and then returned home. I did my homework, ate dinner, watched some TV then went to bed."
alliteration: Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.
narrator: the speaker of a literary work
induction: The process that moves from a given series of specifics to a generalization.
ad hominem: You claim that this man is innocent, but you cannot be trusted as you are a criminal as well.
logic: Bonnie and Jim have three daughters. Michelle is the oldest and Holly is youngest; therefore, Sara must be a middle child.
transition: a word or phrase that links one idea to the next
definition: A rhetorical strategy that gives the meaning of a word or phrase.
understatement: a statement that is restrained in ironic contrast to what might have been said
figures of speech: synechdocy, metonymy, metaphor and simile
contrast comparison: The rhetorical strategy organized subject by subject, point by point or a combination of the two.
elipsis: a deliberate omission of a word or of words which are readily implied by the text. Speeds up text, sounds poetic
narration: A rhetorical strategy that must have a point of view.
argument: A rhetorical strategy expressing an assertion, qualifying or opposing another's point of view, or convincing an audience to alter its stand on an issue.
comic relief: the inclusion of a humorous character or scene to contrast with the tragic elements of a work
division: inductive rhetorical strategy
logic: the process of reasoning
pun: "At the tire store, 'We skid you not!'.
ad hominem: "against the man"
abstract: language that describes concepts rather than concrete images
parody: a comic imitation of a work that ridicules the original
exposition: background information presented in a literary work.
informative: type of description that is factual, practical and to the point
discourse: a discussion on a specific topic
ad hominem: We all know that Romulus was forced to leave college. How can we trust his company with our investments?
allusion: a reference contained in a literary work
invective: a verbally abusive attack
impressionistic: a type of description that appeals to the reader's senses, intellect and emotions
aut aut: When the writer asserts that there are only two possibilities, when, in reality, there are more.
definition: Examples, description, comparisons, narration and historical background that helps develop what rhetorical strategy?
classification and division: A rhetorical strategy that groups items together that share important characteristics.
logical fallacy: When the rooster crows, the sun rises. Therefore, the rooster causes the sun to rise.
connotation: "Where we love is home, home that our feet may leave, but not our hearts." Oliver Holmes
diction: the author's choice of words that creates tone, attitude and style
petitio principii: When the writer assumes in his assertion/premise/thesis something that really needs to be proved.
cacophony: "My stick fingers click with a snicker and, chuckling, they knuckle the keys..."
deduction: the process of moving from a general rule to a specific example
inductive reasoning: Type of argument that draws conclusions or generalizations based on specific examples/events that are truly representative of the general area being examined.
conflict: a clash bewteen opposing forces such as man vs. man, man vs. nature, and man vs. self
symbolism: The turtle in the Grapes of Wrath stands for persistence and determination in whatever you do.
extended metaphor: a sustained comparison, often referred to as a conceit
contrast: A rhetorical strategy that only presents differences.
description: A rhetorical strategy that uses language to recreate a person, place, thing or idea in ways that appeal to the senses.
third person objective: A point of view when the narrator acts as a reporter.
allusion: John Proctor dying as a martyr in Salem
voice: the total "sounds" of a writer's style
onomatopoeia: "Rawr!" the lion exclaimed!
voice: Can refer to two different areas: the relationship between a sentence's subject and verb or the total "sounds" of a writer's style.
stream of consciousness: A point of view that allows the reader to enter the mind of the narrator and be privvy to the working of his/her mind.
satire: "I can set a braggart quailing with a quip, the upstart I can wither with a whim; he may wear a merry laugh upon his lip, but his laughter has an echo that is grim."
attitude: the relationship an author has toward his or her subject
argument: A rhetorical strategy that employs persuasion which uses a combination of logic and emotion.
simile: an indirect comparison between dissimilar things
didactic: writing whose purpose is to instruct or teach
rhetorical question: one that does not expect an explicit answer
tone: the author's attitude toward his/her subject
rhetorical question: "If a dog barks in the forest and no one hears him, does he make a sound?"
metaphor: a direct comparison between dissimilar things
aut aut: Tomorrow is my chemistry final; therefore, I must study all night, or I will fail the course.
stage directions: the specific instructions a playwright includes concerning sets, characterization, delivery, etc.
circulus in probando: Science should be required of all students because all students need to know science.
motif: "My father said that the reason for living is getting ready to stay dead."
pacing: the movement of a literary piece from one point or one section to another
persuasion: Form of manipulation where one person or group benefits at the cost of the other.
deductive reasoning: A type of argument that is developed by presenting specific examples that are drawn from the generalization about the subject.
pendantic: Grammar Nazi's who focus on grammar over actual meaning or purpose.
comparison: A rhetorical strategy that presents similarities, but can also include differences.
grammatical structure: form of prose and poetry
immediate cause and effect: My parents are forcing me to apply. My parents will be happy.
anecdote: A week ago, instead of doing my AP English, I was having a lovely summer."
post hoc: A fallacy that cites an unrelated event that occurred earlier as the cause of a current situation.
non sequitur argument: Bob drives a Mercedes convertible. He must have a great deal of money and live in a mansion.
hyperbole: the opposite of understatement
dialect: y'all....yah...youins...
persuasion: a type of argument that has as its goal and action on the part of the audience
image: "The field was covered in a blanket of white..."
third person: pronouns and verbs that are used to refer to something other than the speaker or addressee of the language in which they occur
narration: A rhetorical strategy that tells or retells a sequence of events w/in a particular time frame for a specific purpose.
antithesis: "Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country."
informative: type of process that explains how something works or is done
process: A rhetorical strategy that is the method of describing how to perform a task or explain how something works by breaking it down into the chronologically ordered steps that lead to the goal.
point of view: a mental position from which things are viewed
form: Poetry has a completely different structure or shape than a text book, essay or novel.
analogy: Lettuce is to vegetable as apple is to fruit.
balance: a situation in which all parts of the presentation are equal, whether in sentences or paragraphs
inference: The man is unshaven, has ragged clothes and is holding a cardboard sign. He must be homeless.
oxymoron: She was pretty ugly.
motif: the repetition of an image or idea in a work used to develop theme or characters
structure: the organization and form of a work
logical fallacy: a mistake in reasoning
spatial: format for exemplification that fits within a physical area
colloquial: "Red up the house."
synthesis: locating a number or sources and intergrating them into the development and support of a thesis
circulus in probando: restating the premise rather than giving a reason for holding that premise
irony: The Luddites, an anti-technology group, launched a website to spread their idea.
non sequitur argument: "does not follow"...has a conclusion that does not follow the premise
euphony: "Season of mists and mellow fruitfulness, close bosom-friend of the matuing sun; conspiring with him how to load and bless with fruit the vines that round the thatch-eves run."
antecedent: the word, phrase or clause to which a pronoun refers
hyperbole: My toe is big as a football.
synechdocy: All hands on deck!
cause and effect: A rhetorical strategy where B occurs as a result of A.

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