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Cross-Cultural Exchanges on the Silk Roads

for the people that actually use this, please, please, please excuse the bountiful, frequent spelling errors that are in these brief descriptions of things i find important in my book, Traditions and Encounters Second Edition. i create these notes in haste, and often with my eyes half shut, so please excuse my mistakes.
k?
much love,
Jen

Terms

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Monsoon System
governed sailing and shipping in the Indian Ocean
Manichaeism
the faith derived from the prophet Mani, a devout Zoroastrian from Babylon in Mesopotamia; promoted an ascetic lifestyle
Zhang Qian
he was sent to communicate with potential allies against the Xiongnu; Xiongnu forces captured him however, they treated him well, like they let him have a wife, keep his servant and he had a son with his wife; well suspicions got calm about him, and when that happened he escaped with his family and servant; he tried to complete his task, but it he could not get any allies, so he heads home, but gets captured again!; this time he manages to escape after one year's detention, mostly because of the death of the Xiongnu leader
Decline of Manichaeism
Mani was held prisoner and later on died because Sasanid rulers wanted to have Zoroastrianism as their main religion; they also killed other Manichaeism-ers in an effort to obliterate the religion
Nicaea and Chalcedon
took up the difficult and contentious issue of Jesus' nature; these were councils
Dioceses
religious affairs in the bishop's district
Theodosius
proclaimed Christianity the official religion of the roman empire
Nestorians
followers of the Greek theologian Nestorius, who lived during the early fifth century and emphasized the human as opposed to the divine nature of Jesus;
Parthia
controlled sea trade in the Persian Gulf and overland trade within the empire
Peasant Rebellion
the rich decided to push economic tax pressure on the peasants; in 184 C.E. the Yellow Turban rebellion occured
Silk Roads
rulers invested heavily on bridges and roads for trade routes; as the classical empires expanded, merchants and travelers created an extensive network of trade routes that linked much of Eurasia and north Africa; these routes were thus called collectively the silk roads since silk was one of the highest commodities going along those roads
China After the Han Dynasty
han state was sort of ruled by the elites; so when the rich started marrying and stuff to the poor it led to constant backstabbing which in turn weakened it's central government
Bishops
presided over religious affairs in their districts
Jews
took goods from the Palmyra to the Mediterranean basin
The elect
devout Manichaeans that abstained from marriage, sexual relations, fine clothing, meat, rich foods, and other personal comforts, dedicating themselves instead to prayer, fasting, and ritual observances
Nomadic people
nomads became one with China; confucianism became irrelevant; people who used to support Confucianism turned to Daoism and Buddhism
Tetrarchs
a coemperor ruled each district with the aid of a powerful lieutenant, and the four officials, known as the tetrarchs
St. Augustine
bishop of the north African city of Hippo; had a fine education, and he was conversant with the leading intellectual currents of the day
Barracks Emperors
the 26 or more people that thought that they deserved the throne of Rome, which eventually led to its downfall
Huns
had warrior king Attila who organized the Huns into a virtually unstoppable military juggernaut; the Huns invaded Hungary, probed Roman frontiers in the Balkan region, menaced Gaul and northern Italy, and attacked Germanic peoples living on the borders of the Roman empire
Wang Mang
had attempted to redistribute land in China, but his program did not survive his own brief reign
Visigoths
came from Scandinavia and Russia; they were Germanic migrants
Rome
contributed manufactured goods like glass, art, olive oil, and wine and dominated the Mediterranean
Rhapta
contributed ivory, tortoise shell, and slaves and dominated East African trade
Diocletian
tried to deal with the problems of not being able to wield the large empire by dividing the empire into two administrative districts; a coemperor ruled each district with the aid of a powerful lieutenant, and the four officials, known as the tetrarchs
Constantine
son of Diocletian's coruler Constantius; defeated most of his enemies, although he overcame his last rivals on in 324 C.E.; constructed Constantinople
Byzantine empire
after basically the western empire fell at the hands of the Germanic, the eastern managed to hang in there and they called themselves the Byzantine empire
Christianity
at first Romans didn't really like it because it went against their main religion;
India
contributed pepper and cotton, and exotic items like pearls
Buddhism
was the most prominent faith of silk roads merchants for almost a millennium, from about 200 B.C.E. to 700 C.E.
Gregory the Wonderworker
a tireless missionary with a reputation for performing miracles, who popularized Christianity in central Anatolia during the mid third century C.E.
Central Asia
contributed horses and jade and dominated overland trade routes
Hearers
were less devout Manichaeans and they led more conventional lives, but they folowed a strict moral code and provided food and gifts to sustain the elect
Constantine and Christianity
experienced a vision that impressed upon him the power of the Christian God; he believed that God helped him to prevail over his rivals, and he promulgated the Edict of Milan
China
contributed fine silk and spices and was the eastern most extent of the trade routes
Collapse of Han
the emperor basically became a puppet and the armies and generals held the strings; in 220 C.E. they abolished the han dynasty and divided it into 3 states; Wei, Wu, and Shu
Southeast Asia
contributed spices and mariners in sea trade
Germanic
invasions of these people brought an end to Roman authority in the western half of the empire
Han Wudi
a Chinese emperor; after Zhang Qian came back from his expedition, Zhang suggests trade relations between China and Bactria through India, and Han thought that was a fantabulous idea; China imposed political and military control over vast territories and promoted trade
Rajas
rulers of southeast Asian states called themselves rajas (kings)

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