Cross-Cultural Exchanges on the Silk Roads
for the people that actually use this, please, please, please excuse the bountiful, frequent spelling errors that are in these brief descriptions of things i find important in my book, Traditions and Encounters Second Edition. i create these notes in haste, and often with my eyes half shut, so please excuse my mistakes.
k?
much love,
Jen
k?
much love,
Jen
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- Monsoon System
- governed sailing and shipping in the Indian Ocean
- Manichaeism
- the faith derived from the prophet Mani, a devout Zoroastrian from Babylon in Mesopotamia; promoted an ascetic lifestyle
- Zhang Qian
- he was sent to communicate with potential allies against the Xiongnu; Xiongnu forces captured him however, they treated him well, like they let him have a wife, keep his servant and he had a son with his wife; well suspicions got calm about him, and when that happened he escaped with his family and servant; he tried to complete his task, but it he could not get any allies, so he heads home, but gets captured again!; this time he manages to escape after one year's detention, mostly because of the death of the Xiongnu leader
- Decline of Manichaeism
- Mani was held prisoner and later on died because Sasanid rulers wanted to have Zoroastrianism as their main religion; they also killed other Manichaeism-ers in an effort to obliterate the religion
- Nicaea and Chalcedon
- took up the difficult and contentious issue of Jesus' nature; these were councils
- Dioceses
- religious affairs in the bishop's district
- Theodosius
- proclaimed Christianity the official religion of the roman empire
- Nestorians
- followers of the Greek theologian Nestorius, who lived during the early fifth century and emphasized the human as opposed to the divine nature of Jesus;
- Parthia
- controlled sea trade in the Persian Gulf and overland trade within the empire
- Peasant Rebellion
- the rich decided to push economic tax pressure on the peasants; in 184 C.E. the Yellow Turban rebellion occured
- Silk Roads
- rulers invested heavily on bridges and roads for trade routes; as the classical empires expanded, merchants and travelers created an extensive network of trade routes that linked much of Eurasia and north Africa; these routes were thus called collectively the silk roads since silk was one of the highest commodities going along those roads
- China After the Han Dynasty
- han state was sort of ruled by the elites; so when the rich started marrying and stuff to the poor it led to constant backstabbing which in turn weakened it's central government
- Bishops
- presided over religious affairs in their districts
- Jews
- took goods from the Palmyra to the Mediterranean basin
- The elect
- devout Manichaeans that abstained from marriage, sexual relations, fine clothing, meat, rich foods, and other personal comforts, dedicating themselves instead to prayer, fasting, and ritual observances
- Nomadic people
- nomads became one with China; confucianism became irrelevant; people who used to support Confucianism turned to Daoism and Buddhism
- Tetrarchs
- a coemperor ruled each district with the aid of a powerful lieutenant, and the four officials, known as the tetrarchs
- St. Augustine
- bishop of the north African city of Hippo; had a fine education, and he was conversant with the leading intellectual currents of the day
- Barracks Emperors
- the 26 or more people that thought that they deserved the throne of Rome, which eventually led to its downfall
- Huns
- had warrior king Attila who organized the Huns into a virtually unstoppable military juggernaut; the Huns invaded Hungary, probed Roman frontiers in the Balkan region, menaced Gaul and northern Italy, and attacked Germanic peoples living on the borders of the Roman empire
- Wang Mang
- had attempted to redistribute land in China, but his program did not survive his own brief reign
- Visigoths
- came from Scandinavia and Russia; they were Germanic migrants
- Rome
- contributed manufactured goods like glass, art, olive oil, and wine and dominated the Mediterranean
- Rhapta
- contributed ivory, tortoise shell, and slaves and dominated East African trade
- Diocletian
- tried to deal with the problems of not being able to wield the large empire by dividing the empire into two administrative districts; a coemperor ruled each district with the aid of a powerful lieutenant, and the four officials, known as the tetrarchs
- Constantine
- son of Diocletian's coruler Constantius; defeated most of his enemies, although he overcame his last rivals on in 324 C.E.; constructed Constantinople
- Byzantine empire
- after basically the western empire fell at the hands of the Germanic, the eastern managed to hang in there and they called themselves the Byzantine empire
- Christianity
- at first Romans didn't really like it because it went against their main religion;
- India
- contributed pepper and cotton, and exotic items like pearls
- Buddhism
- was the most prominent faith of silk roads merchants for almost a millennium, from about 200 B.C.E. to 700 C.E.
- Gregory the Wonderworker
- a tireless missionary with a reputation for performing miracles, who popularized Christianity in central Anatolia during the mid third century C.E.
- Central Asia
- contributed horses and jade and dominated overland trade routes
- Hearers
- were less devout Manichaeans and they led more conventional lives, but they folowed a strict moral code and provided food and gifts to sustain the elect
- Constantine and Christianity
- experienced a vision that impressed upon him the power of the Christian God; he believed that God helped him to prevail over his rivals, and he promulgated the Edict of Milan
- China
- contributed fine silk and spices and was the eastern most extent of the trade routes
- Collapse of Han
- the emperor basically became a puppet and the armies and generals held the strings; in 220 C.E. they abolished the han dynasty and divided it into 3 states; Wei, Wu, and Shu
- Southeast Asia
- contributed spices and mariners in sea trade
- Germanic
- invasions of these people brought an end to Roman authority in the western half of the empire
- Han Wudi
- a Chinese emperor; after Zhang Qian came back from his expedition, Zhang suggests trade relations between China and Bactria through India, and Han thought that was a fantabulous idea; China imposed political and military control over vast territories and promoted trade
- Rajas
- rulers of southeast Asian states called themselves rajas (kings)